Enhanced Ciprofloxacin Removal from Aqueous Solution Using a Chemically Modified Biochar Derived from Bamboo Sawdust: Adsorption Process Optimization with Response Surface Methodology

Table 7

CIP removal efficiencies of various adsorbents.

Adsorbent	Capacity (maximum uptake)	Operational conditions	Isotherm and kinetics data best fit models	% CIP removal (max)	References
Azolla filiculoides activated carbon	35.14 mg g^-1	mg L^-1, adsorbent  g L^-1, and contact  min	Langmuir isotherm model	99.1	Balarak, et al. [1]
NiO (synthesized)		Adsorbent  g L^-1, , contact  min, and 50°C	Pseudo-second-order kinetic model	99.2	Balarak, et al. [1]
Amine-functionalized mobil composition of matter no. 41 (MCM–41) mesoporous silica nanoparticle	164.3 mg g^-1	, adsorbent dose = 0.8 g L^-1, CIP  mg/L, adsorption  min, and shaking  rpm	Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order model	99.25	Abu Rumman et al. [10]
Activated carbon from Lemna minor plant magnetized with iron(III) oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4-ACLM)	178.7 mg g^-1 at 50°C	mg L^-1, , g L^-1, contact  min, and 50°C	Langmuir isotherm model	100	Yilmaz et al. [79]
γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles	—	, initial  mg L^-1, adsorbent , and contact  min	Temkin isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model	53	Asghar et al. [59]
Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs/Al2O3)	41.73 mg g^-1	,  g L^-1, contact  min, initial CIP  mg L^-1, and 50°C	Langmuir isotherm model	—	Balarak & Mckay [11]
Powdered activated carbon magnetized by iron(III)oxide nanoparticles (PAC@Fe3O4-MN)	109.833 mg g^-1	, PAC@Fe3O4-MN  g L^-1, shaking  rpm, initial  mg/L, contact  min, and  K	Film diffusion	—	Al et al. [26]
Magnetic chalcogenide composite (KMS-1/L-cysteine/Fe3O4 (KCF)	181.32 mg g^-1		Pseudo-second-order kinetic model	—	Wang et al. [69]
Biochar derived from copyrolysis of sewage sludge and bamboo waste	62.48 mg g^-1	—	Pseudo-second-order, Freundlich, and Langmuir model	95	Li et al. [56]
Herbal residue biochar	43.668 mg g^-1	—	Pseudo-second-order kinetics model		Shang et al. [72]
Activated carbon coated with multiwalled carbon nanotubes	—	, contact  min, adsorbent  mg L^-1, °C, and initial  mg L^-1	Pseudo-second-order and Freundlich isotherm	100	Sharifpour et al. [78]
Magnetic polyaniline/graphene oxide-based nanocomposites	—	, adsorbent  g L^-1,  mg L^-1, and contact time = 30 min	Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order kinetics	97	Kazem et al. [80]
Low-cost hydrogel derived from agrowaste	106.038 mg g^-1	Adsorbent  g L^-1, contact  min, and	Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order model	—	Nguyen et al. [81]
Iron oxide/cellulose magnetic recyclable nanocomposite	168.03 mg g^-1	, CIP  mg L^-1, adsorbent  mg L^-1, and contact  min	Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetic model	92.01	Azizi [2]
Oat hulls	83 mg g^-1	—	Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic mode	—	Movasaghi et al. [4]
Chitosan/biochar hydrogel beads (CBHB)	76 mg g^-1		Langmuir and pseudo-second-order kinetics	—	Afzal et al. [82]
Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO)	3.46 mg g^-1	—	Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model	85	Khoshnamvand et al. [73]
Humic acid modified hydrogel beads	154.89 mg g^-1	CIP  mg L^-1	Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model	—	Zaheer et al. [83]
Magnetic chalcogenide composite, KMS-1/L-cysteine/Fe3O4 (KCF)	181.32 mg g^-1		Pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model	—	Wang et al. [69]
Tannin foam immobilized with ferric ions	91.8 mg g^-1		Pseudo-second-order rate model and Langmuir model	96.60	Hao et al. [84]
Surfactant modified sepiolite	63.84 mg g^-1	mg L^-1 and adsorbent  g L^-1	Pseudo-second-order model	99.1	Balarak et al. [85]
Modified bamboo biochar (MBC)	78.43 mg g^-1	Adsorbent  g L^-1,  mg L^-1, , and contact  min	Pseudo-second-order rate model and Langmuir model	96	This study