[Retracted] Recent Review of Titania-Clay-Based Composites Emerging as Advanced Adsorbents and Photocatalysts for Degradation of Dyes over the Last Decade

Table 3

Shortcomings of dye removal techniques.

Sr. no.	Method	Shortcomings
1	Flocculation	Sludge formation
2	Electrolytic precipitation	Time consuming
3	Electrochemical oxidation	Expensive due to electricity usage
4	Ion exchange	Only effective for selective dyes
5	Fenton process	Excessive formation of anions
6	Membrane filtration	Unstable and expensive
7	Phytoremediation	Not permanent treatment
8	Bioremediation	Impedes microbial development
9	Photocatalytic degradation	Source of light required which is expensive