A Comprehensive Insight on Adsorption of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Pharmaceuticals, and Chemical Dyes in Wastewaters Using Biowaste Carbonaceous Adsorbents

Table 2

Application of AC and BC for adsorption of organic pollutants in batch studies.

Material	Sample	Pollutant	Adsorption batch study	pH	Initial conc. Of adsorbate (mg/L)	Contact time	Adsorbent dosage	Temp.	Adsorption mechanism	Max removal efficiency	Ref.
Oil palm frond (AC)	Aqueous solution	2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid	200 mL 2,4-D solutions (30°C) shaken in water-bath at 120 rpm for 24 hr	2-12	50–300	5 min-30 hr	50-300 mg/L	30, 40, and 50°C	Adsorption.	352.89 mg/g	[42]
Tea industry waste (AC)	Aqueous solution	Phenol	30 mg of TWAC, with a pH adjusted to 6.0, agitated at 400 rpm for 4 hr	2-10	100-1000	0-500 min	20-200 g/L	0-40 °C	Film diffusion along with intraparticle diffusion	99.5%	[46]
Tea waste (magnetic particle-loaded tea waste)	Aqueous solutions	Seven different organic dyes	0.01 g MNLTW added to the 20 mL solution of different concentrations of dyes stirred for 35 min	2-9	20	5-50 min	0.01–0.05 g	25°C	Physical and chemical adsorption.	126.58 mg/g, 87.72 mg/g, 82.64 mg/g, 129.87 mg/g, 119.05 mg/g, 113.64 mg/g, 128.21 mg/g for neutral red, reactive blue 19, Congo red, Janus green, crystal violet, and methylene blue, respectively.	[118]
Rice husk (AC)	Synthetic water	PAHs naphthalene (NA), phenanthrene (PH), pyrene (PY)	Adsorption test conducted at 200 rpm ()		0.25-3.5	1 to 7 d	0.1–7 mg	25, 35, and 45°C	Intraparticle diffusion	63.6 mg/g, 50.4 mg/g, 104.5 mg/g for NA, PH, and PY, respectively.	[47]
Nickel sulfide nanoparticles loaded on AC	Synthetic water	Methylene blue (MB) and safranin-O	0.005–0.025 g of adsorbent was added in 50 mL beakers on magnetic stirrer (750 rpm)	1-11	5–25	2–34 min	0.005-0.025 g	25°C	Adsorption	99.9%	[69]
Tea waste (BC)	Solution	Sulfamethazine (SMT)	Adsorbent dose of 1 g/L was added at 25°C in shaker (100 rpm) for 72 hr	3-9	0-50	—	1 g/L	25°C	The π-π electron donor–acceptor interaction	33.81 mg/g	[10]
Tea waste (black tea and waste black or green tea)	Stock solutions	Methylene blue (MB) and eosin yellow (EY)	Adsorbent mixed in 250 mL flask of dye solution and stirred at 100 rpm	3-11	200–400	0-360 min	1-3 g/L	303 K-313 K	Electrostatic attraction	97.5% for MB; 96.6% for EY	[48]
Date stones	Stock solution	L-Phenylalanine	50 mg mass of adsorbent mixed with adsorbate solution (200 mg/L) at 150 rpm for 300 min	2-9	50-1000	0-330 min	50 mg	20, 25, 35, and 40°C	Hydrogen bonding formation, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions	114 mg/g	[49]
Municipal sewage sludge and tea waste	Aqueous solutions	Methylene blue (MB)	The solution was shaken at 180 rpm and 25°C for 1 day	2-11	100	24 h	2 -50 g/L	25, 35, and 45°C	Electrostatic interaction, ion exchange, surface complexation, physical function	100%	[60]
Magnetic nanoparticle	Aqueous solutions	Cd^2+ and acenaphthene	Adsorbent was mixed with 20 mL of adsorbate solution (1 mg/L) and placed on shaker by using vials	4-10	0.5-50	0-6 hr	0.25-1.25 g/L	22-25°C	Hydrophobic reactions for acenaphthene; Complexation reaction for Cd^2+	2250 mg/kg and 1060 mg/kg for Cd^2+ and acenaphthene, respectively	[92]
Tea waste and rice husk (BC)	Aqueous solutions	Carbofuran	1 g/L BC added into 50 mg/L solution of carbofuran and shaken at 100 rpm (30°C)	5	5-100	5-500 min	1 g/L	25, 35, and 45°C	Pore diffusion, π-π interaction, H-bonding, van der Waals forces, and chemical bindings	22.3 and 6.9 mg/g on TWBC and RHBC, respectively	[15]
Cornstalk; nZVI/BC	Aqueous solutions	Trichloroethylene (TCE)	30 mg/L TCE solution was treated with BC at 250 rpm	6.25, 7, and 8	30	—	100 mg	25°C	Partition and adsorption.	99%	[119]
Cornstalk; BC500 BC600 BC700										93.28%, 91.33%, and 91.74%, respectively
Enteromorpha prolifera	Aqueous solution	Pyrene (PYR) and benzo(a)pyrene (BAP)	100 mL of PYR (50 μg/L) and BAP (20 μg/L) solutions with 0.05 g BC dosage were shaken at 150 rpm for 24 hr	2, 4, 7, 10, and 12	10-150 μg/L for PYR; 10-60 μg/L for BAP	0-600 min	0.01-0.1 g	25°C	Chemical adsorption	187.27 μg/g and 80.00 μg/g for PYR and BAP, respectively	[62]
Dewatered sewage sludge	Stock solution	Phosphate	At 25°C, 0.12 g modified BC added in phenol solution (100 mL, 50 mg/L) at pH 4.5 and shaken for 3 hr	3-12	25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, and 175	10, 25, 40, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min	1-2.6 g/L	25, 35, and 45°C	Electrostatic attraction	96.8%	[39]
Tea waste	Stock solutions	Nitrate	Adsorbate solution with TW adsorbent placed in vapor bath constant temperature vibrator at °C at 300 rpm for 120 min	1-12	25–1500	1–300 min	1–32 g/L	°C	Electrostatic attraction, ion exchange	Max. ads. =132.26 mg/g, 89.2%, pH =3-10, dosage =8 g/L	[108]
		Phosphate		1-12	50–800	1–300 min	0.4–3.6 g/L	°C	Electrostatic attraction, ion exchange	99.51 mg/g, 92.3%