Material Adsorbent Pollutant Isotherm models Fitting model Model parameters Kinetic models Fitting model Model parameters Ref. Pine wood sawdust Charcoal Phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene (PAHs) Polanyi–Dubinin–Manes (PDM) model and Freundlich Freundlich R 2 =0.99— — — [139 ] Oil palm shell AC Methylene blue (basic dye) Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich Langmuir qm =243.9 mg/g, b =0.93 mg/L, R 2 =0.99 at T =303 KPFO, PSO, and IPDM PSO qe =243.90 mg/g, k 2 =0.005 g/mgh, R 2 =0.99[8 ] Oil palm frond AC 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid Langmuir and Freundlich Langmuir qm =352.89 mg/g, KL =0.013 L/mg, R 2 =0.999 at 30 CPFO and PSO PSO k 2 =0.0224 g/mgh, qe =157.98 mg/g, R 2 =0.993[42 ] Coconut shells AC Hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs), e.g., PAHs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Freundlich Freundlich R 2 =0.90±0.01 (for pyrene)R 2 =1.11±0.06 (for PCB)— — — [68 ] Tea industry waste AC Phenol Langmuir and Freundlich Langmuir qm =142.9 mg/g, b =1.51 mg/L, −2 L/mg, R 2 =0.9967, RL <1PFO, PSO, and IPDM PSO — [46 ] Tea waste Magnetic nanoparticle-loaded tea waste Seven different organic dyes Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, Redlich–Peterson, Brouers–Sotolongo, and Temkin Langmuir model for all dyes qm =126.58 mg/g for NR, 129.87 mg/g for JG, 128.21 mg/g for TH, 113.64 mg/g for CV, 82.64 mg/g for CR, 119.05 mg/g for MB, 87.72 mg/g for RBPFO and PSO For cationic dyes, PSO, and for anionic dyes, PFO For TH, K 2 =0.007 g/mg/min, qe =20 mg/gK 2 =0.0121 g/mg/min, qe =20 mg/gK 2 =0.0111 g/mg/min, qe =13.3 mg/gK 2 =0.0169 g/mg/min, qe =20 mg/gK 2 =0.0050 g/mg/min, qe =20 mg/gK 1 =0.0534/min, qe =10 mg/gK 1 =0.0806/min, qe =10 mg/g [118 ] Lightweight expanded clay aggregate LECA PAHs Freundlich and Langmuir Freundlich KF =0.22, 2.02, & 1.70; R 2 =0.86, 0.97, & 0.92— — — [88 ] Nickel sulfide nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon NiS-NP-AC Methylene blue and safranin-O Langmuir, modified and nonmodified competitive Langmuir model, Langmuir-Freundlich, Freundlich and extended Freundlich Langmuir For MB, qm =21.5 mg/g, KL =1.76 L/mg, R 2 =0.99qm =53.2 mg/g, KL =0.231 L/mg, R 2 =0.98 PFO, PSO, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion PSO For MB, K 2 =66 g/mg/min, qe =21.2 mg/gK 2 =36 g/mg/min, qe =33.6 mg/g [69 ] Ti3 C2 Tx Dyes methylene blue (MB) and acid blue 80 (AB80) Langmuir and Freundlich Freundlich KF =48.152R 2 =0.928— — — [140 ] AC and iron salts Magnetic AC Carbamazepine Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Redlich-Peterson, Radke-Prausnitz, and Temkin Radke-Prausnitz>Redlich-Peterson>Temkin>Freundlich>Langmuir>Dubinin-Radushkevich 1/nF =0.31KL =0.743 L/mg PFO, PSO, intraparticle diffusion, liquid film diffusion, and Elovich Elovich>intraparticle diffusion>PSO>liquid film diffusion>PFO K 2 =8.70×10−3 , 1.47×10−2 , and 2.16×10−2 g/mg/min at 273, 288, and 303 K temperatures, respectively[27 ] Date stones AC L-Phenylalanine Langmuir and Freundlich Langmuir RL =0-1, qm =188.3 mg/gPFO and PSO PSO — [49 ] Sewage sludge and tea waste Biochar Methylene blue Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) Langmuir qm =19.3798 mg/gb =0.2871 mg/LR 2 =0.9928PFO, PSO, and Elovich equations PSO qe =15.1745, K 2 =0.001749 g/mg/min, at 45 C[60 ] Eggshell AC Dissolved hydrogen sulfide Langmuir and Freundlich Freundlich qm =289.3 mg/gPFO and PSO PSO K 2 =0.024 g/mg/min[51 ] Palm shell Residual biomass COD Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin Langmuir b =0.0013 mg/Lqm =5.6380 mg/gR 2 =0.99PFO and PSO PFO qe =2.8417 mg/gK 1 =0.3652 g/mg/minR 2 =0.9919[126 ] Sawdust Residual biomass COD Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin Langmuir b =0.0033 mg/Lqm =32.7869 mg/gR 2 =0.989— — — Wood sawdust AC Hydrogen sulfide Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich Freundlich KF =9.57 mg/gn =1.40453R 2 =0.9926— — — [51 ]
