Review Article

Carbon-Based Nanoadsorbents for the Removal of Emerging Pollutants

Table 2

Removal of emerging contaminants by GO-based adsorbents.

AdsorbentPollutantAdsorption capacityReferenceSignificant findings

Embedded GO aerosols. Coated GO aerosolsOfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and Pb2+5-8 mg/g for antibiotics for both adsorbents. For Pb2+: 11.1 mg/g for embedded GO aerogels and 1.5 mg/g in coated GO ones[27]Antimicrobial effects were found particularly for the GO-coated aerogel materials
Graphene oxide (GO)Tetracycline antibiotics313 mg/g[54]Tetracycline strongly deposited on the GO surface via interaction and cation– bonding.
Nanostructured porous grapheneAtenolol (ATL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), carbamazepine (CBZ), ibuprofen (IBP), diclofenac (DCF), and gemfibrozil (GEM)8.87, 7.33, 14.63, 47.85, 91.59, and 9.26 mg/g, respectively[56](i) Regeneration and reuse for four cycles
(ii) Heterogeneous adsorption described by the Toth and Sips isotherm models
Graphene oxideMetformin96.7 mg/g[57]
Graphene oxide nanoplateletsCarbamazepine (CBZ)9.2 mg/g[58]Could be reused for up to 8 times
Graphene oxide composite with activated carbon and chitosanAcetaminophen (ACP), carbamazepine (CBZ), bisphenol A (BPA), caffeine (CAFF), and triclosan (TCS)13.7, 11.2, 13.2, 14.8, and 14.5 mg/g, respectively[59]According to DFT studies, the adsorption process is mostly accompanied by size-related diffusion, with a modest contribution from a synergetic mix of hydrophobic/hydrophilic, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and interactions
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)–cellulose nanocrystal spongeMethylene blue17 mg/g[60]