Adsorption of Heavy Metals on Bentonitic Soil for Use in Landfill Liners

Table 1

Heavy metal ions, corresponding adverse effects, and permissible limits according to WHO.

Heavy metal	Health Hazards	Permissible limit (mg/l)	References
Cd	Kidney damage, renal disorder, human carcinogen, and emphysema	0.003	Pyrzynska [11]
Pb	Brain damage, anemia, anorexia, vomiting, and diseases of the circulatory and nervous systems	0.050	Mahmoud et al. [12]
Cr	Headache, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, carcinogenic effects, and lung tumor	0.050	Xu et al. [13]
Cu	Liver damage, Wilson’s disease, and insomnia	2.500	Kumar et al. [14]
Zn	Depression, lethargy, neurological signs, dehydration, anemia, and increased thirst	5.000	Shobana et al. [15]
Ni	Dermatitis, nausea, chronic asthma, coughing, and lung cancer	2.000	Gupta and Kumar [14]