Current and Future Strategies in the Diagnosis and Management of Penile Cancer

Table 1

TNM staging system for penile cancer.

Definitions of TNM
Primary tumor (T)
TX	Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0	No evidence of primary tumor
Tis	Carcinoma in situ
Ta	Noninvasive verrucous carcinoma
T1a	Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue without LVI and is not poorly differentiated (i.e., G3-4)
T1b	Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue with LVI or is poorly differentiated
T2	Tumor invades corpus spongiosum or cavernosum
T3	Tumor invades urethra
T4	Tumor invades other adjacent structures
Regional lymph nodes (N)
	Clinical stage definition	Pathologic stage definition
NX	Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed	Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0	No palpable or visibly enlarged inguinal lymph nodes	No regional lymph node metastasis
N1	Palpable mobile unilateral inguinal lymph node	Metastasis in a single inguinal lymph node
N2	Palpable mobile multiple or bilateral inguinal lymph nodes	Metastasis in multiple or bilateral inguinal lymph nodes
N3	Palpable fixed inguinal nodal mass or pelvic lymphadenopathy unilateral or bilateral	Extranodal extension of lymph node metastasis or pelvic lymph node or lymph nodes unilateral or bilateral
Distant Metastasis (M)
M0	No distant metastasis
M1	Distant metastasis

Reprinted with permission from Barocas and Chang [21].