The Strong Protective Effect of Circumcision against Cancer of the Penis

Table 4

Association between balanitis and penile cancer.

Study [ref.]	𝑛/𝑁^∗	OR (95% CI)	Type
Maden et al. (1993) [3]	100/199	1.3 (0.5–3.6)^†	IPC+CIS
Daling et al. (2005) [36]	74/743	3.5 (1.2–10.3)^†	CIS
Daling et al. (2005) [36]	62/731	3.9 (1.3–11.7)^†	IPC
Hellberg et al. (1987) [101]	207/400	9.49 (5.24–17.2)	Not stated
Meta-analysis (random effects): OR = 3.82 (95% CI = 1.61–9.06)

*Total cases/total participants, ^†Adjusted odds ratio presented in original study.
IPC, invasive penile carcinoma; CIS, carcinoma in situ.