Progress in Personalizing Chemotherapy for Bladder Cancer

Figure 1

Pathways leading to chemotherapy-induced cell death and resistance. The major steps are shown in the sequential order. DNA damage is the critical step in this response pathway. Cells with low chemotherapy-induced DNA damage will survive chemotherapy and are chemoresistant. We propose that chemoresistance can possibly be identified by measuring chemotherapy-induced DNA damage and that some of the underlying resistance mechanisms can potentially be elucidated by measuring the other major steps such as metabolism, cell uptake/efflux, and DNA repair. The underlined steps can be determined with AMS.