A Narrative Review on the Pathophysiology and Management for Radiation Cystitis

Table 4

The proposed intravesical treatments for radiation cystitis and their levels of evidence.

Intravesical agent	Level of evidence	Data
Botulinum toxin A	4	Increase in bladder capacity
		Reduction in urinary frequency from 14 to 11 episodes
		No side effects reported [19]
Hyaluronic acid	1b	Significant reduction in voiding frequency
		Significant reduction in pelvic pain
		Reduction of haematuria equal to that of hyperbaric oxygen
		Side effects: increased rate of UTIs at 6 months [20]
Chondroitin sulfate	2b	Reduction in self-reported bladder symptoms
		No side effects reported [21]
Formalin	4	Significant reduction in haematuria
		High complication rate including mortality [22–24]
Polydeoxyribonucleotides	3	Improvement in reported cystitis symptoms [25]
Early placental extract	3B	Symptomatic improvement in radiation cystitis
		Cystoscopic improvement in radiation cystitis [26]