Kidney Stone Disease: An Update on Current Concepts

Table 1

Urinary stone matrix protein modulators of crystallization in nephrolithiasis [34, 41].

Serial Number	Name of protein	Role in crystallization
		Nucleation	Growth	Aggregation	Cell adherence
1	Nephrocalcin (NC)	I	I	I	—
2	Tamm–Horsfall protein (THP)	P	—	I/P	—
3	Osteopontin/uropontin (OPN)	I	I	I	I/P
4	Albumin	P	—	I	—
5	Urinary prothrombin fragment-1 (UPTF1)	I	I	I	—
6	Alpha-1-microglobulin	—	—	I	—
7	S100A	—	I	I	—
8	Inter-alpha-inhibitor	I	I	I	I
9	Bikunin	I	I	I	I
10	Renal lithostathine	—	I	—	—
11	Alpha defensin	—	P	P	—
12	Human phosphatecytidylyl transferase 1, choline, beta	—	I	—	—
13	Myeloperoxidase	—	P	P	—
14	Nucleolin	—	—	—	P
15	Histone-lysine N methyltransferase	—	I	I	—
16	Inward rectifier K channel	—	I	I	—
17	Protein Wnt-2	—	I	I	—
18	Alpha-2HS glycoprotein	P	I	—	—
19	Crystal adhesion inhibitor (CAI)	—	—	—	I
20	Hyaluronic acid (HA)	—	—	—	P
21	Chondroitin sulphate	—	I	I	—
22	Heparin sulphate (HS)	—	I	—	—
23	Human urinary trefoil factor 1(THF1)	—	I	—	—
24	Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP 1)	—	—	—	P
25	Annexin II	—	—	—	P
26	CD44	—	—	—	P
27	Matrix Gla protein (MGP)	—	I	—	I
28	Histone H1B	—	P	—	—
29	Fibronectin	—	—	I	I
30	Collagen	P	—	—	—
31	Glycosaminoglycans	I	I	I	I
32	Citrate	—	I	—	—
33	Pyrophosphate	—	I	—	—
34	Magnesium	—	I	—	—

I: inhibitor; P: promoter; “—”: no effect.