Management of Bladder Pain Syndrome (BPS): A Practical Guide

Table 1

Characteristics of BPS.

Risk factors	Presenting symptoms	Diagnoses to exclude	Common coexisting conditions
Female gender; Age; Depression; Smoking history; High intake caffeine; Lower socioeconomic; Group; Multiparity; Lower socioeconomic group	Core: Pain; Frequency; Urgency; N.B chronic duration.; Additional: Nocturia; Dyspareunia; Anal discomfort	Males and females: Urinary tract infection; Malignancy; Urinary stone disease; Overactive bladder; Pelvic adhesions; Inflammatory bowel disease; Hernia; Genital herpes; Cystitis caused by radiation, tuberculosis, or chemicals, e.g., cyclophosphamide; Ketamine bladder; Pudendal neuropathy; Multiple sclerosis; Spinal cord injury; Diverticular disease (of the bowel); Females: Endometriosis; Pelvic inflammatory disease; Vaginitis; Eroded mesh; Urethral diverticulum; Urogenital prolapse; Pregnancy; Pelvic floor muscle tightness; Males: Chronic prostatitis; Bladder outflow obstruction	Fibromyalgia; Irritable bowel syndrome; Vulvodynia; Sjogren’s syndrome; Chronic headache; Chronic fatigue syndrome; Depression; Anxiety