Role and Utility of Mixed Reality Technology in Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy: Outcomes of a Prospective RCT Using an Indigenously Developed Software

Table 2

Intra and postoperative variables.

	Control	Experimental	value
Hb after surgery (g/l), mean (SD)	120 (17.1)	125 (14.6)	0.28
Operative time (min), mean (SD)	106 (28.4)	95 (24)	0.15
Time for renal pedicle exposure (min), mean (SD)	14.08 (5.4)	8.22 (2.76)	<0.001
Time from renal pedicle to tumor, min, mean (SD)	13.54 (5.99)	7.52 (3.36)	<0.001
Hemorrhage volume (ml), median (IQR)	150 (200)	100 (150)	0.11
Creatinine postoperative (mcmol/l), median (IQR)	101 (33.8)	88 (35)	0.35
RA clamping, no. (%)
No	2 (8.3)	6 (26.1)	0.11
Yes	22 (91.7)	17 (73.9)
Global ischemia time (min), mean (SD)	15.1 (7.73)	17 (7.33)	0.38
Conversion to nephrectomy, no. (%)
No	22 (91.7)	23 (100)	0.16
Yes	2 (8.3)	0 (0)
Clavien–Dindo score <3, no. (%)
No	22 (91.7)	22 (95.7)	0.58
Yes	2 (8.3)	1 (4.3)
Clavien–Dindo ≥3, no. (%)
No	23 (95.8)	23 (100)	0.32
Yes	1 (4.2)	0 (0)
Histopathological findings, no. (%)
RO	1 (4.2)	2 (8.7)	0.78
PRCC	1 (4.2)	2 (8.7)
ccRCC	20 (83.3)	18 (78.3)
Others	2 (8.3)	1 (4.3)
Surgical margin, no. (%)
Positive	2 (8.3)	0 (0)	0.49
Negative	22 (91.7)	23 (100)
GFR postoperative (ml/min), median (IQR)	65.6 (62.9)	85.2 (48.4)	0.47
US tumor control, no. (%)	—	23 (100)	—

Renal oncocytoma; papillary renal cell carcinoma; clear cell renal cell carcinoma.