Pharmacological and Toxicological Threshold of Bisammonium Tetrakis 4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)pyridinium Decavanadate in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance

Table 2

Effect of V10-DMAP on biochemical parameters.

	NC ()	HC ()	HC-V10-DMAP-5 μmol ()	HC-V10-DMAP-10 μmol ()
Glucose (mg/dL)	112.5 ± 3.5	142.3 ± 6.9 ▲	84.3 ± 2.1 ▼ ↓	94.8 ± 5.4 ▼ ↓
Fructosamine (mmol/L)	44.6 ± 0.8	63.8 ± 1.3 ▲	45.5 ± 2.1 ↓	38.2 ± 1.7 ▼ ↓
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	56.2 ± 3.4	140.0 ± 10 ▲	64.1 ± 2.8 ▲ ↓	60.0 ± 3.2 ↓
FFA (mg/dL)	2.0 ± 0.3	7.4 ± 1.1 ▲	2.2 ± 0.1 ↓	2.0 ± 0.1 ↓
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	76.9 ± 4.3	105 ± 5.1 ▲	75.2 ± 3.1 ↓	79.0 ± 4.2 ↓
HDL (mg/dL)	43.3 ± 0.9	32.5 ± 1.1 ▼	51.1 ± 1.2 ▲ ↑	48.3 ± 1.5 ▲ ↑
Insulin (μUI/mL)	17.5 ± 0.8	63.4 ± 1.5 ▲	15.2 ± 1.5 ↓	20.2 ± 3.1 ↓
Leptin (ng/mL)	1.1 ± 0.02	5.7 ± 0.2 ▲	1.2 ± 0.09 ↓	2.1 ± 0.1 ↓
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	5.52 ± 0.3	3.21 ± 0.2 ▼	5.12 ± 0.2 ↑	4.32 ± 0.3 ▼ ↑
HOMA-IR	0.81 ± 0.06	3.84 ± 0.14 ▲	0.53 ± 0.06 ▼ ↓	0.81 ± 0.17 ↓
IDA-IR	0.11 ± 0.02	0.63 ± 0.02 ▲	0.09 ± 0.01 ▼ ↓	0.09 ± 0.01 ▼ ↓

Results shown are the average ± SEM. ▲ indicates a significant difference with values above the control group with a normal calorie diet. ▼ indicates a significant difference with values below the control group with a normal calorie diet. ↑ indicates a significant difference with values above the HC group. ↓ indicates a significant difference with values below the HC group. Comparisons between groups were performed by a two-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni post hoc test; . FFA = free fatty acids; HDL = high density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; IDA-IR = insulin resistance adipocyte dysfunction.