Microplasma Synthesis of Antibacterial Active Silver Nanoparticles in Sodium Polyacrylate Solutions

Table 1

Conditions of microplasma synthesis of MNPs and M₁M₂NPs in aqueous solutions and their characteristics.

MNPs, M1M2NPs	Precursor	Stabilizer	Type plasma U, V	Max. abs. peak (λmax) (nm)	Particle shape and size (nm)	Ref.
AgNPs	AgNO3	SC	30 kV, 9.1 kHz	369–416	5.4–17.8	[14]
	AgNO3, EtOH	—	6000	403, 412, 420	8–10	[15]
	AgNO3	PVA	1500–2500	∼410	10 ± 7	[16]
	AgNO3	—	50 kHz and 2.5 μs, 3500 (max)	∼400–410	Spherical, ∼10	[17]
	Ag sacrificial electrode	PVP	175–275	394–417	5–10	[18]
	AgNO3	PEC, SDS	1100	409.4, 409.8	9.33 ± 3.37 PEC-AgNPs 28.3 ± 11.7 SDS-AgNP	[19]
	Ag sacrificial electrode	—	Bipolar pulses 3.8 kV, 5 kHz	410.03–415.39	25–350	[20]
AuNPs	Au sacrificial electrode	Without stabilizer	Plasma sputtering, 20 kHz	511	Spherical, ∼3.5	[21]
	H[AuCl4]	Lysine	Pulsed discharge plasma	510–550	<20	[22]
	H[AuCl4]	Without stabilizer	From ∼2000 to ∼800	From 532 to 581 (from 2.5 μM to 1 mM HAuCl4)	5–200	[23]
	H[AuCl4]	Without stabilizer	5000	552 ± 1; 532 ± 1	3.2 ± 0.4; 0.8 ± 0.5	[24]
	H[AuCl4]	GEL, PVP, PVA	1100–1300	531, 534, 535	27, 73, 92	[25]
	H[AuCl4]	SDS	1600, 2400, 3200	—	150 NPs (1 nm NCs)	[26]
	H[AuCl4]	SC	6800, 90 kHz	584, 566, 535	18.2 ± 9.0, 32.9 ± 14.1, 180.6 ± 20.5	[27]
	H[AuCl4]	Fructose	2000 to ignite the microplasma	∼530	∼33 (25°C), 37 (70°C)	[28]
PtNPs	Pt electrode	—	Low-voltage, low-frequency technique: 440, 500–100 Hz	—	≤10	[29]
PtNPs	H2[PtCl6]	Dextran and without stabilizer	15000 peak-to-peak with a frequency of 25 kHz	−	3–5	[30]
PdNPs	PdCl2				3–15
RhNPs	RhCl3				4.7 ± 1
CuNPs	CuCl2	GEL	900, 20 kHz frequency	∼580	Spherical (33.7 ± 5.8), cubic (19.2 ± 3.3), and hexagonal (20.3 ± 2.9)	[31]
NiNPs	Ni(NO3)2	—	70	362 and 380	Spherical, ∼15	[32]
	NiCl2	CTAB, SDS	250, 25–30 kHz	—	20–100	[33]
ZnNPs	Zn sacrificial electrode	Without stabilizer	70	—	13.97–22.64	[34]
MnNPs	MnCl2	CTAB	Pulsed discharge, 250.10, 30 kHz	—	5–10, 20–50	[35]
(PtM)NPs (M = cu, ag, pd)	Sucrifical electrodes	—	Pulsed plasma discharge, 1000, 20 kHz	—	4–6	[36]
(PtAg) NPs	Sucrifical Pt and Ag electrodes	—	1000, 30 kHz. pulse duration from 1.3 to 2.3 ms	—	<5	[37]
(AgPt)NPs	Sucrifical Ag and Pt electrodes	SDS	Unipolar pulsed dc to electrodes, 500, 3 μs, 15 kHz	406.28–414.63	∼5	[38]
(PtPd)NPs	Sucrifical Pt and Pd electrodes	—	700, pulse width and frequency were 2 μs and 20 kHz	—	2–3	[39]
(PtAu)NPs	Sucrifical Pt and Au electrodes	PEG	800 (breakdown voltage), pulsed DC 10–20 kHz (width 1–2 ls)	—	1.5 ± 1.0	[40]
(AuPd)NPs	H[AuCl4] and H2[PdCl4]	TCI	1500 W	—	∼3	[41]
(NiCu)NPs	Ni(NO3)2 and Cu(NO3)2	CTAB		—	Spherical, 50–200	[42]
(CoNi)NPs	Sucrifical Co and Ni electrodes	—	7 kV, 10 Hz	—	>100	[43]
(NiCu)NPs	Sucrifical CuNi electrodes	—	160	—	<200	[44]
(NiCr)NPs	Sucrifical NiCr electrodes

CTAB, cethyltrimethylammonium bromide; GEL, gelatin; PEC, pectins; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone; PVA, polyvinyl alcohol; SC, sodium citrate; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate, CH₃(CH₂)₁₁OSO₃Na; TCI, α-thioglycerol.