“Green” Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Sonoelectrochemical and Sonogalvanic Replacement Methods

Table 1

Conditions of the sonoelectrochemical synthesis of metal nanoparticles (MNPs).

MNPs	Precursors	Surfactant	iсathode, mA·cm^−2 or E	Ultrasonic frequency (kHz)	Ultrasonic power	λmax (nm)	Particle size (nm)	Refs.
CuNPs	CuSO4 + H2SO4	PVP (10000)	50–200	20, τ(US)on = 5 s τ(US)off = 3 s	40 W	—	15–900	[30]
	CuSO4 + H2SO4	PVA (100000)	—	20, τ(US)on = 0.25 s, τ(US)off = 0.3 s	—	589, 616, 626	8.5 ± 1.5 in dendrite	[31]
	CuSO4 + H2SO4	PVP (8000–35000)	500–1000	22	—	—	∼100	[32]
	CuSO4 + H2SO4	PVP (4000)	480, τon = 0.25 s, τoff = 0.25 s	20, τ(US)on = 0.1 s, τ(US)off = 0.15 s	—	589	25–60	[33]
AgNPs	AgNO3	NTA	50, τon = 0.3 s, τoff = 0.6 s	—	60 W·cm^−2	413	Nanorods, Φ = 10–20	[34]
	AgNO3	EDTA	40	50	100 W	—	Φ = 80, >15 μm long	[35]
	AgNO3	NTA	50, τon = 0.6 s, τoff = 0.6 s	τ(US)on = 0.3 s, τ(US)off = 0.9 s	750 W	—	5 ± 2, 60 ± 30, 75 ± 25	[36]
	Ag3C6H5O7 + NaAc^−HAc	PVP (40000)	70, τon = 3 s, τoff = 3 s	20, τ(US)on = 3 s, τ(US)off = 3 s		410	20–25	[37]
	Sacrificial silver anode in HCl	Without stabilizer	Ag electrode was cycled in 0.1 M HCl −0.3…+0.3 V	20	100 W	410	2–20	[38]
	AgClO4	PVP (49000)	CV, 0.25–2.00	40	50 W	415–426	7–10	[39]
	AgNO3	SDS	20, τon = 0.3 s, τoff = 0.9 s	τ(US)on = 0.3 s, τ(US)off = 0.6 s	100 W·cm^−2	401, 418	∼20	[40]
	Sacrificial silver anode	NaPA	CV 50 mV·s^−1, E from 1.0 to −1.0 V	22	40–62.5 W·dm^−3	500	4–30	[41]
	Sacrificial silver anode	Rhamnolipid	CV 50 mV·s^−1, E from +1.0 to −1.0 V	22	40–62.5 W·dm^−3	415	1–3	[42]
AuNPs	H[AuCl4]	MPEO/PVP	−850 …−1300 mV;τon = 10–20 ms, τoff = 200–300 ms	27	—	520; 550	5–35	[43]
	H[AuCl4] + KNO3	Without stabilizer	16,3	20, τ(US)on = τ(US)off = 0.5 s	20 W	500–556	10–100	[44]
	Sacrificial gold anode in HCl	Without stabilizer	0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 V	20	100 W		2–15	[45]
	Sacrificial gold anode	Ch	ORC, from −0.28 to +1.22 V	20	100 W	520–533	5 ± 2	[46]
						522, 531	12	[47]
						522, 530	15	[48]
		CTAB	ORC, from −0.28 to +1.22 V	20	100 W	518, 521	5	[49]
PdNPs	PdCl2	CTAB	8…13, τon = τoff = 5…10 s	20	20–80, 120 W·cm^−2	—	5–13	[50]
	H2[PdCl4] + KNO3	CTAB, PVP	25, τon = τoff = 0.5 s	20, τ(US)on = 0.3 s, τ(US)off = 0.7 s	20 W	—	7	[51]
PtDPNs	H2[PtCl6] + KNO3	PVP (40000), SDS	10, τon = 1.0 s, τoff = 0.5 s	20, τ(US)on = 0.3 s, τ(US)off = 1.5 s	20 W	—	Nanodendrites with primary NPs 2.5 ± 0.5	[52]
PtNPs	K2[PtCl4] + NaCl	—	50, τon = 0.3 s, τoff = 0.6 s	20, τ(US)on = 0.3 s, τ(US)off = 0.6 s	70 W	—	11–15	[53]
FeNPs	Sacrificial iron anode	THF, (C4H9)4NBr	16	200 on cathode; 20 kHz on horn	1.5 W·cm^−2 cathode; 50 W·cm^−2 horn	—	∼29, ∼18, ∼7	[54]
	FeCl2	—	4–240	4	—	—	Nanodendrites with crystallites 10–100	[55]
NiNPs	NiSO4 + NH4Cl + H3BO3 + C6H8O7	—	2000 A·m^−2; τon = 1–1000 ms, τoff = 100–1000 ms	20, τ(US)on = 100–1000 ms	50 W·cm^−2	—	50	[56]
WNPs	Na2WO4 + FeSO4 + Na3C6H5O7 + C6H8O7	—	7·10^4 A·m^−2	10 Hz and the dead time of 0.09 s	500 kW·m^−2	—	∼30	[57]
MgNPs	RMgCl + AlCl3 in THF	THF, DBDG	—	—	—	—	4.5 ± 0.5	[58]
AlNPs	AlCl3 + LiAlH4 in THF	THF	100 mAcm^−2, τon = 600 s, τoff = 60 s	20, τ(US)on = 240 ms	76 W	—	10–20	[59]