| Sr. No | Plant used | Target Stage | Mechanism | Type of NPs | Characterization | MIC | References | Size | Shape | Technique used |
| 1. | Leucas aspera (willd.) link | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 25–80 nm | Clustered and irregular shapes, and mostly aggregated | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM | 0.01–5 mg·L−1 | [86] | 2. | Feronia elephantum L. | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 20 to 60 nm | Triangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal structures | UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX,TEM | 37.534 μg·mL−1 | [87] | 3. | Annona muricata | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 20 to 53 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM | — | [88] | 4. | Phyllanthus niruri L. | Larvae | Larvae is perforated through the breathing tube, eradicating them by contamination and suffocation | AgNPs | 30–60 nm | Spherical, mostly aggregated | UV-vis, SEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, EDX | — | [89] | 5. | Holarrhena antidysenterica | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 20 to 80 nm | Dispersed, crystalline, and mostly spherical | UV-vis, XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR | — | [90] | 6. | Coleus aromaticus Lour. | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 262.7 to 553.9 nm | Spherical and aggregate | UV-vis, EDX, FTIR, XRD, SEM | — | [91] | 7. | Artemisia vulgaris | Larvae | Interfere with molting and other physiological processes | AgNPs | 30–70 nm | Polydispersed, irregularly shaped | UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, EDX, SEM | — | [92] | 8. | Gracilaria firma | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 12–200 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, EDX, TEM | — | [93] | 9. | Myristica fragrans | Larvae | Not reported | ZnO NPs | 100 to 200 nm | Rod-like | UV-vis, DLS, FTIR, Zeta Potential, XRD.EDX, SEM, TEM | — | [94] | 10. | Beauveria bassiana | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 36.88 to 60.93 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, SEM, EDX | — | [95] | 11. | Aganosma cymose | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 1 to 16.5 nm | Polydispersed, spherical | UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, AFM, SEM, TEM, XRD, AFM | — | [96] | 12. | Cocos nucifera | Larvae | Inhibition of major detoxifying proteins glutathione-S-transferase and cytochromeP450 | AgNPs | 5–65 nm | Spherical, pseudo spherical and rectangle | UV-vis, TEM, XRD | — | [97] | 13. | Carissa carandas | Larvae | Route through the exoskeleton of insect into cells of individual and intervention with sloughing | AgNPs | 1.6 to 7.4 nm | Spherical poly-dispersed | UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, AFM, SEM, TEM | — | [98] | 14. | Zeuxine gracilis | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 20–40 nm | Orbicular, cubic | UV-vis, EDX, FTIR, XRD, DLS, SEM,TEM | — | [99] | 15. | Halodule uninervis | Deformed adults | Inhibit neurosecretory cells, shrink internal cuticle, and/or can act directly on epidermal cells causing cuticular oxidation | AgNPs | 25–40 nm | Spherical or with cubic | UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD, Raman analysis | — | [100] | 16. | Chomelia asiatica | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 15–31 nm | Triangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal | UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX | — | [21] | 17. | Parthenium hysterophorus | Larvae | Not reported | TiO2 NPs | 20–50 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, FTIR,SEM, EDX, XRD | — | [101] | 18. | Sida acuta | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 20 to 60 nm | Spherical, triangular, pentagona l, and hexagonal | UV-vis, FTIR, SEM.TEM, EDX | — | [102] | 19. | Arachis hypogaea | Anal papillae region and cuticle layer. | Reduce membrane permeability, deactivate enzymes in midgut, liberate peroxides leading to cell death | AgNPs | 20 to 50 nm | Spherical and polyhedral | FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX | — | [103] | 20. | Azadirachta indica | Larvae and pupae | Penetration through the membrane | AgNP | 30 to 50 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD | 3.969 (larva I) to 8.308 ppm (pupa) | [104] | 21. | Heliotropium indicum | Larvae | Not reported | AgNP | 18 to 45 nm | Spherical, triangle, truncated triangles, and decahedral | UV-vis, FTIR, TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD | 35.97 μg/mL | [105] | 22. | Feronia elephantum | Larvae III | Bind to sulfur-containing proteins or phosphorus- containing compounds like DNA, causes denaturation of some enzymes and organelles | AgNP | 20 to 60 nm | Triangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal | UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD | 23.12 μg mL−1 | [106] | 23. | Carmona retusa | Larvae | Not reported | AgNP | 20 to 40 nm | Cubic | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, TEM, SAED | 198.766 ppm | [107] | 24. | Plumeria rubra | Larvae II, IV | Not reported | AgNP | 32–200 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, TEM, PSA and zeta potential | 500 ppm | [108] | 25. | Catharanthus roseus | Larvae | Altered physiological processes | AgNP | 35 to 55 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, H1NMR, FTIR, and mass spectroscopy | 40 ppm | [109] | 26. | Anisomeles indica | Larvae III | Nor reported | AgNP | 18 and 35 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX | 35.21 mg/mL | [110] | 27. | Ulva lactuca | Larvae IV | Gastric caeca, muscles, nerve cord ganglia appeared damaged and disorganized, spoiled epithelium | ZnO NPs | 10–50 nm | Sponge-like asymmetrical | XRD, UV-vis, FTIR, SAED, TEM | 50 μg/ml | [111] | 28. | Sargassum muticum | Larvae and pupae | Binds to sulfur from proteins or to phosphorus from DNA, causes swift denaturation of organelles and enzymes | AgNP | 43–79 nm | Spherical | FTIR, SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses | 10 ppm | [112] | 29. | Cymbopogon citratus | Larvae and pupae | Interfere with molting and other physiological processes | AuNPs | 20–50 nm | Orbicular, trigonal, hexagonal, and rod- like | UV-vis, FTIR, TEM, EDX, XRD | 41.5 ppm | [113] | 30. | Pedilanthus tithymaloides | Larvae and pupae | Denature ribosome, suppress the expression of enzymes and proteins crucial to ATP production causing disruption of the cell | AgNPs | 15–30 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, EDX, AFM | | [114] | 31. | Pongamia pinnata | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 10 to 80 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, TEM | 0.25–1 ppm | [115] | 32. | Delphinium denudatum | Larvae II | DNA loses its replication ability and cellular proteins become inactivated on | AgNPs | 85 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, XRD, SEM, FTIR | 9.6 ppm | [116] | 33. | Bauhinia variegata | Larvae III | Penetration through membrane to midgut epithelial membrane, the enzymes gets inactivated, and produce peroxide causing cell death | AgNPs | 38 to 65 nm | Spherical, triangle, truncated triangles, and decahedral | UV-vis, XRD, SEM, FTIR,TEM, EDX | 89.42 μg/m L | [117] | 34. | Zornia diphylla | Larvae III | Not reported | AgNPs | 28 to 61 nm | Spheres, triangle, truncated triangles, and decahedral | UV-vis, XRD, SEM, FTIR,TEM, EDX | 13.42 μg/ml | [118] | 35. | Melia azedarach | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 3 to 31 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, XRD,TEM, | 23.82 ppm | [119] | 36. | Suaeda maritima | Larvae I and pupae | Inhibit neurosecretory cells, causing shrinkage of internal cuticle, and/or can act directly on Epidermal cells responsible for the production of enzymes leading tanning and/or cuticular oxidation process | AgNPs | 20 to 60 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, XRD, SEM, FTIR, EDX | 8.668 to 17.975 ppm | [120] | 37. | Hedychium coronarium | Larvae and pupae | Damaged midgut epithelium | AgNPs | 9.54 nm to 49.0 nm | Spherical and oval | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR,TEM, EDX | 24.2 ppm(I), 39.7 ppm(II), 52.7 ppm(III) 72.6 ppm(IV), 348.6 ppm | | 38. | Achyranthes aspera | Larvae IV | Not reported | AgNPs | 7 to 14 nm | Cuboidal and spherical | UV-vis, SEM, TEM, FTIR and XRD | 8.92 mg/ml | [121] | 39. | Azadirachta indica | Larvae III | Interfere with moulting and other physiological processes | AgNPs | 41–60 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, XRD, SEM, FTIR,EDX | 0.04 mg/l | [122] | 40. | Morinda citrifolia | Larvae | Not reported | TiO2NPS | 20.46–39.20 nm | Spherical, oval and triangle | UV- vis, XRD, SEM, FTIR,EDX | 31.685 mg/L | [123] | 41. | Clausena dentata | larvae | Denaturation of the sulfur-containing proteins or phosphorous- containing compound like DNA | SeNPs | 46.32 nm to 78.88 nm | spherical | UV-vis, XRD, SEM, FTIR,EDX | 104.13 mg/L | [124] | 42. | Hyptis suaveolens | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 5–25 nm | Spherical, hexagonal, triangular and polyhedral | UV-vis, XRD, SEM, FTIR,TEM | 10 mg/L | [125] | 43. | Chloroxylon swietenia | Larvae | Not reported | AuNPs | 18–37 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, TEM, EDX, Zeta potential analyses | 0.340 ppm | [126] | 44. | Ambrosia arborescens | Larvae III | Bind macromolecules such as proteins and DNA, altering their structure | AgNPs | 10–14 nm | Spherical | UV-vis,FTIR, TEM, SEM, EDX, AFM | 0.43 ppm | [127] | 45. | Lobelia leschenaulti ana | Larvae III | The disappearance of antenna and mouth brush, shrinkage in ventral area, loss of lateral hair, changes in structure of thorax, breakage of minutes of midgut, disappearance of anal gills, and brushes | ZnONps | 15–46 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM | 10 mg/L | [128] | 46. | Acacia caesia | Larvae III, ova, adults | Midgut epithelial membrane damaged, enzymes were inactivated and generated peroxides leading to cell death | AgNPs | 20 to 46 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, EDX, SEM, TEM, AFM | 11.32 μg/ml for larvae, 75 μg/m for ova, 20.94 μg/ml for adults | [129] | 47. | Melia azedarach | Larvae III | Interfere with intracellular cell signaling, bounds with sulfur contain proteins | Pd NPs | 10 to 20 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, TEM | | [111] | 48. | Azadirachta indica | Larvae III and IV | Increase ROS and other radicals production causing apoptosis via phosphatidyl serine externalization, DNA, nuclear fragmentation, activation of meta- caspases, mitochondrial dysfunction | AgNPs | 35–60 nm | Spherical | UV-vis,SEM, EDX, TEM, FTIR, XRD, DLS | 10.92 mg/L (III) 11.88 mg/L(IV) | [130] | 49. | Artocarpus heterophyllu s | Larvae | Not reported | CuNPs | 132 nm | Asymmetrical dispersed | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR,SEM | 3.85, 4.24, 4.66 and 5.08 mg/ml | [131] | 50. | Morinda tinctoria | Larvae III | Denature sulfur- containing proteins or phosphorous containing compound like DNA, causing in denaturation of organelles and enzymes | AgNPs | 60–95 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, AFM, FTIR | 3.631 ppm | [132] | 51. | Euphorbia milii | Larvae II, IV | Not reported | AgNPs | 208 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, SEM, EDX, XRD,FTIR, particle size, and zeta potential analysis | 281.28 ± 23.30 and 178.97 ± 37.82 ppm | [133] | 52. | Mukia maderaspatana | Larvae | Denature sulfur- containing proteins or phosphorous containing compound like DNA | AgNPs | 13–34 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, ART, SEM, | 0.506; 1.082, 0.392; 0.870 ppm | [134] | 53. | Cassia fistula | Larvae and pupae | Disturbed protein mechanism | AgNPs | 148–938 nm | Spherical | FTIR, TEM, SEM, UV- vis, XRD | 51.3, 47.1, 56.0, 78.0 and 519.3 mg/L | [135] | 54. | Chrysanthe mum sp. | Larvae | Interference with the process of dissociation and other physiological processes | AgNPs | 40–100 nm | Clustered and irregular shapes | UV-vis, FTIR, SEM | 12.754 ppm | [136] | 55. | Carissa spinarum | Larvae III | Not reported | AgNPs | 40–100 nm | Cubic and spherical | FTIR, SEM, UV-vis, XRD, TEM | 9.01 μg/ml | [137] | 56. | Nicandra physalodes | Larvae III | Interfere with molting and other physiological processes | AgNPs | 5–35 nm | Cubic and spherical | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM | 13.61 µg/ml | [138] | 57. | Clerodendrum chinense | Larvae III | Not reported | AgNPs | 25–30 nm | Irregular, Spherical or with Cubic structures | UV-vis, SEM, TEM,EDX, FTIR | 11.10 µg/ml | [139] | 58. | Calotropis gigantea | Larvae and pupae | Not reported | AgNPs | 20–35 nm | Clustered and irregular | UV-vis, SEM, EDX, FTIR | 24.33 ppm, 34.01 ppm, 51.92 ppm, 63.38 ppm and 83.88 ppm | [140] | 59. | Tagetes sp. | Larvae IV | Not reported | CdNps | | Roughly spherical | UV-vis, SEM, FTIR and fluorescence | 10 ppm | [141] | 60. | Cleistanthus collinus | Larvae | Inhibit neurosecretory cells and gut enzyme of larvae, toxic effect on epidermal cells | AgNPs | 66.27 to 75.09 nm | Triangular and pentagonal | UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX | 20 mg/l | [142] | 61. | Strychnos nux-vomica | Larvae | Inhibitory influence on neurosecretory cells and gut enzyme of larvae, toxic efficacy on epidermal cells | AgNPs | 54.45 to 60.84 nm | Irregular, spherical and round | UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX | 25 mg/l | [142] | 62. | Tridax procumbens | Larvae | Not reported | CuONps | 16 nm | | XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, UV-vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy | 4.209 mg/L | [143] | 63. | Rhizophora mucronata | Larvae III | Denaturation of the sulfur-containing proteins or phosphorous containing compound like DNA | AgNPs | 60–95 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, and AFM analysis | 0.585 mg/L | [144] | 64. | Belosynapsis kewensis | Larvae IV | Not reported | AgNPs | 10 to 28 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, FTIR,TEM, and XRD | 84.2 ppm | [145] | 65. | Cynodon dactylon | Larvae | Bio uptake and toxicity | AgNPs | 14 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, XRD, TEM | 2.50, 2.78, 3.02, 3.05 μg/mL | [146] | 66. | Sida acuta | Adults | Interfere with molting and other physiological processes. | AgNPs | 5–35 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, SEM, TEM, FTIR, EDX | 35.12 μg/mL | [147] | 67. | Mussaenda glabra | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 15 to 25 nm | Spheres, Triangle, truncated Triangles and decahedral | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM | 17–19 μg/mL | [147] | 68. | Psychotria nilgiriensis | Ova, larvae, pupae, adults | Not reported | AgNPs | 40–60 nm | Spherical and cubic | UV-vis, SEM, FTIR, EDX | 20.26, 24.08, 29.37, 35.33 and 43.12 µg/ml | [148] | 69. | Berberis tinctoria | Larvae and pupae | Interfere with molting and other physiological processes | AgNPs | 65–70 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, XRD, SEM | 4.97 ppm (I instar), 5.97 ppm (II), 7.60 ppm (III), 9.65 ppm (IV), and 14.87 ppm (pupa) | [149] | 70. | Derris trifoliata | Larvae III and IV | Binding to DNA and enzymes and impairs cellular metabolism | AgNPs | 18–50 nm | Spherical and cubic | UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD, TEM | 12.11 mg/l (III), 17.76 mg/l (IV) | [150] | 71. | Cassia roxburghii | Larvae III | Not reported | Ag NPs | 57 to 95 nm | Orbicular, trigonal, truncated triangles, and decahedral morphologies | UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD. | 31.27 and 48.81 μg/mL | [151] | 72. | Artemisia nilagirica | Larvae and pupae | Damage midgut epithelial membrane, inactivate enzymes and generate peroxide leading to cell death | AgNPs | 6.723 nm | Spherical to irregular | UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, XRD | | [152] | 73. | Scadoxus multiflorus | Larvae and ova | Affect the epithelial cell/midgut or cortex, lateral hair loss, deformation in gills as well as brushes | ZnO NPs | 31 ± 2 nm | Irregular spherical | UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD | 34.04 ppm and 32.73 ppm | [153] | 74. | Pergularia daemia | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 44 to 255 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, TEM, particle size and zeta potential analysis | 9.90, 11.13, 12.40, 12.95 ppm | [154] | 75. | Ipomoea batatas | Larvae | DNA structure deformation, and generation of excessive reactive oxygen species. | AgNPs | 20–50 nm | Orbicular | UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD | 15.657 μg/mL | [155] | 76. | Annona squamosa | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | | Spherical and cluster shaped | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM | 7.52, 8.34, 9.06, 9.15 μg/mL | [156] | 77. | Achyranthes aspera | Larvae IV | Reduce ATP synthesis, ion exchange, reduce membrane permeability causing cell death | AgNPs | 1–30 nm | Three dimensional cuboid | UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD | 26.693 μg/mL | [157] | 78. | Habenaria plantaginea | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 0.1 to 29 nm | Polydispersed and spherical | UV-vis, AFM, FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD | 13.38 μg/ml | [158] | 79. | Rubus ellipticus | Larvae | Decrease membrane permeability, disturb proton motive process, Cellular function is disrupted | AgNPs | <30 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDX | 13.83 μg/mL | [159] | 80. | Menyanthes trifoliata | Adults | Detiriorated midgut | AgNPs | 10 to 50 nm | Orbicular, Trigonal, pentagonal, hexagonal | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX | 14.99 μg/mL | [160] | 81. | Manihot esculenta | Larvae III | Not reported | AgNPs | | Spherical and aggregates | UV-vis, XRD, FESEM, and HRTEM | 4.53 mg/mL | [161] | 82. | Couroupita guianensis | Larvae IV | Not reported | AgNPs | 10–45 nm | Spherical | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, TEM | 2.1 ppm | [162] | 83. | Couroupita guianensis | Larvae IV | Not reported | AgNPs | 5–15 nm | Orbicular | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, TEM | 2.09 ppm | [162] | 84. | Trichoderma atroviride | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 14.01–21.02 nm | Hexagonal (diamond shape) | UV-vis, confocal laser microscopy (CLSM), | 1 ppm, 2 pp m, 3.12 ppm, 6.30 ppm | [163] | 85. | Hedyotis puberula | Larvae and ova | Not reported | AgNPs | 10–16 nm | Mostly spherical, a few nanorods, hexagonal and polygonal nanoprisms | UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, AFM, SEM, TEM, EDX and DLS analysis | 18.05 µg/ml (larvae) 100 µg/ml (ova) | [164] | 86. | Carica papaya | Larvae II and III | Inhibit AChE, GABA- gated chloride ion channel, disruptna, K ion exchange, cyt-P450, hormones, osmotic pressure and ionic balance. cause mitotic poisoning, inhibit cholinergic system, neuromuscular coordination | AgNPs | 12 ± 6 nm | Spherical | FTIR, GCMS | 1.46 (II) 1.76 ppm (III) | [73] | 87. | Syzygium cumini | Larvae | Not reported | AgNPs | 50 nm | Spherical, round, triangular, and Hexagonal | UV-vis, FTIR, EDX, XRD, SEM | 16.45 µg/ml | [165] |
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