Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications

Review Article

Green Nano-Biotechnology: A New Sustainable Paradigm to Control Dengue Infection

Table 1

Plant based nanoparticles used against the dengue vector.


Sr. No	Plant used	Target Stage	Mechanism	Type of NPs	Characterization			MIC	References
Sr. No	Plant used	Target Stage	Mechanism	Type of NPs	Size	Shape	Technique used	MIC	References

1.	Leucas aspera (willd.) link	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	25–80 nm	Clustered and irregular shapes, and mostly aggregated	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM	0.01–5 mg·L⁻¹	[86]
2.	Feronia elephantum L.	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	20 to 60 nm	Triangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal structures	UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX,TEM	37.534 μg·mL⁻¹	[87]
3.	Annona muricata	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	20 to 53 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM	—	[88]
4.	Phyllanthus niruri L.	Larvae	Larvae is perforated through the breathing tube, eradicating them by contamination and suffocation	AgNPs	30–60 nm	Spherical, mostly aggregated	UV-vis, SEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, EDX	—	[89]
5.	Holarrhena antidysenterica	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	20 to 80 nm	Dispersed, crystalline, and mostly spherical	UV-vis, XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR	—	[90]
6.	Coleus aromaticus Lour.	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	262.7 to 553.9 nm	Spherical and aggregate	UV-vis, EDX, FTIR, XRD, SEM	—	[91]
7.	Artemisia vulgaris	Larvae	Interfere with molting and other physiological processes	AgNPs	30–70 nm	Polydispersed, irregularly shaped	UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, EDX, SEM	—	[92]
8.	Gracilaria firma	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	12–200 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, EDX, TEM	—	[93]
9.	Myristica fragrans	Larvae	Not reported	ZnO NPs	100 to 200 nm	Rod-like	UV-vis, DLS, FTIR, Zeta Potential, XRD.EDX, SEM, TEM	—	[94]
10.	Beauveria bassiana	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	36.88 to 60.93 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, SEM, EDX	—	[95]
11.	Aganosma cymose	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	1 to 16.5 nm	Polydispersed, spherical	UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, AFM, SEM, TEM, XRD, AFM	—	[96]
12.	Cocos nucifera	Larvae	Inhibition of major detoxifying proteins glutathione-S-transferase and cytochromeP450	AgNPs	5–65 nm	Spherical, pseudo spherical and rectangle	UV-vis, TEM, XRD	—	[97]
13.	Carissa carandas	Larvae	Route through the exoskeleton of insect into cells of individual and intervention with sloughing	AgNPs	1.6 to 7.4 nm	Spherical poly-dispersed	UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, AFM, SEM, TEM	—	[98]
14.	Zeuxine gracilis	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	20–40 nm	Orbicular, cubic	UV-vis, EDX, FTIR, XRD, DLS, SEM,TEM	—	[99]
15.	Halodule uninervis	Deformed adults	Inhibit neurosecretory cells, shrink internal cuticle, and/or can act directly on epidermal cells causing cuticular oxidation	AgNPs	25–40 nm	Spherical or with cubic	UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD, Raman analysis	—	[100]
16.	Chomelia asiatica	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	15–31 nm	Triangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal	UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX	—	[21]
17.	Parthenium hysterophorus	Larvae	Not reported	TiO₂ NPs	20–50 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, FTIR,SEM, EDX, XRD	—	[101]
18.	Sida acuta	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	20 to 60 nm	Spherical, triangular, pentagona l, and hexagonal	UV-vis, FTIR, SEM.TEM, EDX	—	[102]
19.	Arachis hypogaea	Anal papillae region and cuticle layer.	Reduce membrane permeability, deactivate enzymes in midgut, liberate peroxides leading to cell death	AgNPs	20 to 50 nm	Spherical and polyhedral	FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX	—	[103]
20.	Azadirachta indica	Larvae and pupae	Penetration through the membrane	AgNP	30 to 50 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD	3.969 (larva I) to 8.308 ppm (pupa)	[104]
21.	Heliotropium indicum	Larvae	Not reported	AgNP	18 to 45 nm	Spherical, triangle, truncated triangles, and decahedral	UV-vis, FTIR, TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD	35.97 μg/mL	[105]
22.	Feronia elephantum	Larvae III	Bind to sulfur-containing proteins or phosphorus- containing compounds like DNA, causes denaturation of some enzymes and organelles	AgNP	20 to 60 nm	Triangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal	UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD	23.12 μg mL⁻¹	[106]
23.	Carmona retusa	Larvae	Not reported	AgNP	20 to 40 nm	Cubic	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, TEM, SAED	198.766 ppm	[107]
24.	Plumeria rubra	Larvae II, IV	Not reported	AgNP	32–200 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, TEM, PSA and zeta potential	500 ppm	[108]
25.	Catharanthus roseus	Larvae	Altered physiological processes	AgNP	35 to 55 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, H1NMR, FTIR, and mass spectroscopy	40 ppm	[109]
26.	Anisomeles indica	Larvae III	Nor reported	AgNP	18 and 35 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX	35.21 mg/mL	[110]
27.	Ulva lactuca	Larvae IV	Gastric caeca, muscles, nerve cord ganglia appeared damaged and disorganized, spoiled epithelium	ZnO NPs	10–50 nm	Sponge-like asymmetrical	XRD, UV-vis, FTIR, SAED, TEM	50 μg/ml	[111]
28.	Sargassum muticum	Larvae and pupae	Binds to sulfur from proteins or to phosphorus from DNA, causes swift denaturation of organelles and enzymes	AgNP	43–79 nm	Spherical	FTIR, SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses	10 ppm	[112]
29.	Cymbopogon citratus	Larvae and pupae	Interfere with molting and other physiological processes	AuNPs	20–50 nm	Orbicular, trigonal, hexagonal, and rod- like	UV-vis, FTIR, TEM, EDX, XRD	41.5 ppm	[113]
30.	Pedilanthus tithymaloides	Larvae and pupae	Denature ribosome, suppress the expression of enzymes and proteins crucial to ATP production causing disruption of the cell	AgNPs	15–30 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, EDX, AFM		[114]
31.	Pongamia pinnata	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	10 to 80 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, TEM	0.25–1 ppm	[115]
32.	Delphinium denudatum	Larvae II	DNA loses its replication ability and cellular proteins become inactivated on	AgNPs	85 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, XRD, SEM, FTIR	9.6 ppm	[116]
33.	Bauhinia variegata	Larvae III	Penetration through membrane to midgut epithelial membrane, the enzymes gets inactivated, and produce peroxide causing cell death	AgNPs	38 to 65 nm	Spherical, triangle, truncated triangles, and decahedral	UV-vis, XRD, SEM, FTIR,TEM, EDX	89.42 μg/m L	[117]
34.	Zornia diphylla	Larvae III	Not reported	AgNPs	28 to 61 nm	Spheres, triangle, truncated triangles, and decahedral	UV-vis, XRD, SEM, FTIR,TEM, EDX	13.42 μg/ml	[118]
35.	Melia azedarach	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	3 to 31 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, XRD,TEM,	23.82 ppm	[119]
36.	Suaeda maritima	Larvae I and pupae	Inhibit neurosecretory cells, causing shrinkage of internal cuticle, and/or can act directly on Epidermal cells responsible for the production of enzymes leading tanning and/or cuticular oxidation process	AgNPs	20 to 60 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, XRD, SEM, FTIR, EDX	8.668 to 17.975 ppm	[120]
37.	Hedychium coronarium	Larvae and pupae	Damaged midgut epithelium	AgNPs	9.54 nm to 49.0 nm	Spherical and oval	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR,TEM, EDX	24.2 ppm(I), 39.7 ppm(II), 52.7 ppm(III) 72.6 ppm(IV), 348.6 ppm
38.	Achyranthes aspera	Larvae IV	Not reported	AgNPs	7 to 14 nm	Cuboidal and spherical	UV-vis, SEM, TEM, FTIR and XRD	8.92 mg/ml	[121]
39.	Azadirachta indica	Larvae III	Interfere with moulting and other physiological processes	AgNPs	41–60 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, XRD, SEM, FTIR,EDX	0.04 mg/l	[122]
40.	Morinda citrifolia	Larvae	Not reported	TiO₂NPS	20.46–39.20 nm	Spherical, oval and triangle	UV- vis, XRD, SEM, FTIR,EDX	31.685 mg/L	[123]
41.	Clausena dentata	larvae	Denaturation of the sulfur-containing proteins or phosphorous- containing compound like DNA	SeNPs	46.32 nm to 78.88 nm	spherical	UV-vis, XRD, SEM, FTIR,EDX	104.13 mg/L	[124]
42.	Hyptis suaveolens	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	5–25 nm	Spherical, hexagonal, triangular and polyhedral	UV-vis, XRD, SEM, FTIR,TEM	10 mg/L	[125]
43.	Chloroxylon swietenia	Larvae	Not reported	AuNPs	18–37 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, TEM, EDX, Zeta potential analyses	0.340 ppm	[126]
44.	Ambrosia arborescens	Larvae III	Bind macromolecules such as proteins and DNA, altering their structure	AgNPs	10–14 nm	Spherical	UV-vis,FTIR, TEM, SEM, EDX, AFM	0.43 ppm	[127]
45.	Lobelia leschenaulti ana	Larvae III	The disappearance of antenna and mouth brush, shrinkage in ventral area, loss of lateral hair, changes in structure of thorax, breakage of minutes of midgut, disappearance of anal gills, and brushes	ZnONps	15–46 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM	10 mg/L	[128]
46.	Acacia caesia	Larvae III, ova, adults	Midgut epithelial membrane damaged, enzymes were inactivated and generated peroxides leading to cell death	AgNPs	20 to 46 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, EDX, SEM, TEM, AFM	11.32 μg/ml for larvae, 75 μg/m for ova, 20.94 μg/ml for adults	[129]
47.	Melia azedarach	Larvae III	Interfere with intracellular cell signaling, bounds with sulfur contain proteins	Pd NPs	10 to 20 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, TEM		[111]
48.	Azadirachta indica	Larvae III and IV	Increase ROS and other radicals production causing apoptosis via phosphatidyl serine externalization, DNA, nuclear fragmentation, activation of meta- caspases, mitochondrial dysfunction	AgNPs	35–60 nm	Spherical	UV-vis,SEM, EDX, TEM, FTIR, XRD, DLS	10.92 mg/L (III) 11.88 mg/L(IV)	[130]
49.	Artocarpus heterophyllu s	Larvae	Not reported	CuNPs	132 nm	Asymmetrical dispersed	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR,SEM	3.85, 4.24, 4.66 and 5.08 mg/ml	[131]
50.	Morinda tinctoria	Larvae III	Denature sulfur- containing proteins or phosphorous containing compound like DNA, causing in denaturation of organelles and enzymes	AgNPs	60–95 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, AFM, FTIR	3.631 ppm	[132]
51.	Euphorbia milii	Larvae II, IV	Not reported	AgNPs	208 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, SEM, EDX, XRD,FTIR, particle size, and zeta potential analysis	281.28 ± 23.30 and 178.97 ± 37.82 ppm	[133]
52.	Mukia maderaspatana	Larvae	Denature sulfur- containing proteins or phosphorous containing compound like DNA	AgNPs	13–34 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, ART, SEM,	0.506; 1.082, 0.392; 0.870 ppm	[134]
53.	Cassia fistula	Larvae and pupae	Disturbed protein mechanism	AgNPs	148–938 nm	Spherical	FTIR, TEM, SEM, UV- vis, XRD	51.3, 47.1, 56.0, 78.0 and 519.3 mg/L	[135]
54.	Chrysanthe mum sp.	Larvae	Interference with the process of dissociation and other physiological processes	AgNPs	40–100 nm	Clustered and irregular shapes	UV-vis, FTIR, SEM	12.754 ppm	[136]
55.	Carissa spinarum	Larvae III	Not reported	AgNPs	40–100 nm	Cubic and spherical	FTIR, SEM, UV-vis, XRD, TEM	9.01 μg/ml	[137]
56.	Nicandra physalodes	Larvae III	Interfere with molting and other physiological processes	AgNPs	5–35 nm	Cubic and spherical	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM	13.61 µg/ml	[138]
57.	Clerodendrum chinense	Larvae III	Not reported	AgNPs	25–30 nm	Irregular, Spherical or with Cubic structures	UV-vis, SEM, TEM,EDX, FTIR	11.10 µg/ml	[139]
58.	Calotropis gigantea	Larvae and pupae	Not reported	AgNPs	20–35 nm	Clustered and irregular	UV-vis, SEM, EDX, FTIR	24.33 ppm, 34.01 ppm, 51.92 ppm, 63.38 ppm and 83.88 ppm	[140]
59.	Tagetes sp.	Larvae IV	Not reported	CdNps		Roughly spherical	UV-vis, SEM, FTIR and fluorescence	10 ppm	[141]
60.	Cleistanthus collinus	Larvae	Inhibit neurosecretory cells and gut enzyme of larvae, toxic effect on epidermal cells	AgNPs	66.27 to 75.09 nm	Triangular and pentagonal	UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX	20 mg/l	[142]
61.	Strychnos nux-vomica	Larvae	Inhibitory influence on neurosecretory cells and gut enzyme of larvae, toxic efficacy on epidermal cells	AgNPs	54.45 to 60.84 nm	Irregular, spherical and round	UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX	25 mg/l	[142]
62.	Tridax procumbens	Larvae	Not reported	CuONps	16 nm		XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, UV-vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy	4.209 mg/L	[143]
63.	Rhizophora mucronata	Larvae III	Denaturation of the sulfur-containing proteins or phosphorous containing compound like DNA	AgNPs	60–95 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, and AFM analysis	0.585 mg/L	[144]
64.	Belosynapsis kewensis	Larvae IV	Not reported	AgNPs	10 to 28 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, FTIR,TEM, and XRD	84.2 ppm	[145]
65.	Cynodon dactylon	Larvae	Bio uptake and toxicity	AgNPs	14 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, XRD, TEM	2.50, 2.78, 3.02, 3.05 μg/mL	[146]
66.	Sida acuta	Adults	Interfere with molting and other physiological processes.	AgNPs	5–35 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, SEM, TEM, FTIR, EDX	35.12 μg/mL	[147]
67.	Mussaenda glabra	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	15 to 25 nm	Spheres, Triangle, truncated Triangles and decahedral	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM	17–19 μg/mL	[147]
68.	Psychotria nilgiriensis	Ova, larvae, pupae, adults	Not reported	AgNPs	40–60 nm	Spherical and cubic	UV-vis, SEM, FTIR, EDX	20.26, 24.08, 29.37, 35.33 and 43.12 µg/ml	[148]
69.	Berberis tinctoria	Larvae and pupae	Interfere with molting and other physiological processes	AgNPs	65–70 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, XRD, SEM	4.97 ppm (I instar), 5.97 ppm (II), 7.60 ppm (III), 9.65 ppm (IV), and 14.87 ppm (pupa)	[149]
70.	Derris trifoliata	Larvae III and IV	Binding to DNA and enzymes and impairs cellular metabolism	AgNPs	18–50 nm	Spherical and cubic	UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD, TEM	12.11 mg/l (III), 17.76 mg/l (IV)	[150]
71.	Cassia roxburghii	Larvae III	Not reported	Ag NPs	57 to 95 nm	Orbicular, trigonal, truncated triangles, and decahedral morphologies	UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD.	31.27 and 48.81 μg/mL	[151]
72.	Artemisia nilagirica	Larvae and pupae	Damage midgut epithelial membrane, inactivate enzymes and generate peroxide leading to cell death	AgNPs	6.723 nm	Spherical to irregular	UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, XRD		[152]
73.	Scadoxus multiflorus	Larvae and ova	Affect the epithelial cell/midgut or cortex, lateral hair loss, deformation in gills as well as brushes	ZnO NPs	31 ± 2 nm	Irregular spherical	UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD	34.04 ppm and 32.73 ppm	[153]
74.	Pergularia daemia	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	44 to 255 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, TEM, particle size and zeta potential analysis	9.90, 11.13, 12.40, 12.95 ppm	[154]
75.	Ipomoea batatas	Larvae	DNA structure deformation, and generation of excessive reactive oxygen species.	AgNPs	20–50 nm	Orbicular	UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD	15.657 μg/mL	[155]
76.	Annona squamosa	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs		Spherical and cluster shaped	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM	7.52, 8.34, 9.06, 9.15 μg/mL	[156]
77.	Achyranthes aspera	Larvae IV	Reduce ATP synthesis, ion exchange, reduce membrane permeability causing cell death	AgNPs	1–30 nm	Three dimensional cuboid	UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD	26.693 μg/mL	[157]
78.	Habenaria plantaginea	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	0.1 to 29 nm	Polydispersed and spherical	UV-vis, AFM, FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD	13.38 μg/ml	[158]
79.	Rubus ellipticus	Larvae	Decrease membrane permeability, disturb proton motive process, Cellular function is disrupted	AgNPs	<30 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDX	13.83 μg/mL	[159]
80.	Menyanthes trifoliata	Adults	Detiriorated midgut	AgNPs	10 to 50 nm	Orbicular, Trigonal, pentagonal, hexagonal	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX	14.99 μg/mL	[160]
81.	Manihot esculenta	Larvae III	Not reported	AgNPs		Spherical and aggregates	UV-vis, XRD, FESEM, and HRTEM	4.53 mg/mL	[161]
82.	Couroupita guianensis	Larvae IV	Not reported	AgNPs	10–45 nm	Spherical	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, TEM	2.1 ppm	[162]
83.	Couroupita guianensis	Larvae IV	Not reported	AgNPs	5–15 nm	Orbicular	UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, TEM	2.09 ppm	[162]
84.	Trichoderma atroviride	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	14.01–21.02 nm	Hexagonal (diamond shape)	UV-vis, confocal laser microscopy (CLSM),	1 ppm, 2 pp m, 3.12 ppm, 6.30 ppm	[163]
85.	Hedyotis puberula	Larvae and ova	Not reported	AgNPs	10–16 nm	Mostly spherical, a few nanorods, hexagonal and polygonal nanoprisms	UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, AFM, SEM, TEM, EDX and DLS analysis	18.05 µg/ml (larvae) 100 µg/ml (ova)	[164]
86.	Carica papaya	Larvae II and III	Inhibit AChE, GABA- gated chloride ion channel, disruptna, K ion exchange, cyt-P450, hormones, osmotic pressure and ionic balance. cause mitotic poisoning, inhibit cholinergic system, neuromuscular coordination	AgNPs	12 ± 6 nm	Spherical	FTIR, GCMS	1.46 (II) 1.76 ppm (III)	[73]
87.	Syzygium cumini	Larvae	Not reported	AgNPs	50 nm	Spherical, round, triangular, and Hexagonal	UV-vis, FTIR, EDX, XRD, SEM	16.45 µg/ml	[165]

NPs: nanoparticles; X-ray diffraction (XRD); Fourier transform infrared (FTIR); scanning electron microscope (SEM); energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX); UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis); field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM); high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM); transmission electron microscopy (TEM); dynamic light scattering (DLS).