Biologically Derived Gold Nanoparticles and Their Applications

Roy, Arpita; Pandit, Chetan; Gacem, Amel; Alqahtani, Mohammed S.; Bilal, Muhammad; Islam, Saiful; Hossain, Md. Jamal; Jameel, Mohammed

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8184217

Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications

On this page

Abstract Introduction Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Bioinorganic-Based Nanomaterials for Environmental Pollution Hazards

View this Special Issue

Review Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 8184217 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8184217

Biologically Derived Gold Nanoparticles and Their Applications

Arpita Roy,¹Chetan Pandit,²Amel Gacem,³Mohammed S. Alqahtani,^4,5Muhammad Bilal,⁶Saiful Islam,⁷Md. Jamal Hossain,⁸and Mohammed Jameel⁹

Academic Editor: Wilson Aruni

Received29 Apr 2022

Accepted04 Jul 2022

Published01 Aug 2022

Abstract

Nanotechnology is a rapidly evolving discipline as it has a wide variety of applications in several fields. They have been synthesized in a variety of ways. Traditional processes such as chemical and physical synthesis have limits, whether in the form of chemical contamination during synthesis operations or in subsequent applications and usage of more energy. Over the last decade, research has focused on establishing easy, nontoxic, clean, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly techniques for nanoparticle production. To achieve this goal, biological synthesis was created to close this gap. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is a one-step process, and it is ecofriendly in nature. The metabolic activities of biological agents convert dissolved metal ions into nanometals. For biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles, various biological agents like plants, fungus, and bacteria are utilized. In this review paper, the aim is to provide a summary of contemporary research on the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles and their applications in various domains have been discussed.

1. Introduction

Nanotechnology is an evolving area due to its wider range of applications in a variety of disciplines [1, 2]. Optics, electronics, catalysis, biomedicine, magnetics, mechanics, and energy research are some of the fields where nanotechnology is applied [3]. Nanobiotechnology is a collaborative area that entails technology research and development in a variety of domains such as nanotechnology, biotechnology, chemistry, material science, and physics [4]. It is about the biofabrication of nano-objects or bifunctional macromolecules that may be utilized to produce or modify nano-objects [5]. Nanoparticles are metallic units that come in a variety of forms, including spherical, triangular, and rod shaped [6]. Nanoparticles have distinct features (chemical, physical, optical, and so on) as compared to bulk material [7]. Currently, research on nanoparticles production is one of the hot topics.

One of most well-defined noble metals is gold. It is utilized in automobiles as a heat insulator and as a reflective coating on some high-end CDs [8]. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are being researched for usage in ultrasensitive chemicals, optoelectronic devices, or biological sensors, or as catalysts [9]. Among all types of nanomaterials, metallic nanoparticles are the most promising because of their excellent antibacterial characteristics due to their huge surface area to volume ratio. Researchers are interested in the antibacterial effect of metallic nanoparticles because of the rising microbial resistance to antibiotics or the creation of resistant strains. Silver, platinum, gold, titanium, iron, palladium, aluminum, and copper [10] are some of the metallic nanoparticles that have received a lot of attention recently owing to their critical value. Gold has been used in medicine in various forms throughout the history of civilization. Rheumatic illnesses, such as discoid lupus erythematosus and restorative dentistry, and different skin inflammation conditions, such as urticaria, pemphigus, and psoriasis, have been treated with gold and gold compounds [11].

Biological agents such as plant tissues, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and other molecules have been used for synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The extracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles has attracted a lot of interest because it avoids many stages of the synthesis process. In general, there are two techniques for nanoparticle synthesis, that is, a ‘top-bottom’ and a ‘bottom-top’ strategy. Nanoparticles could be synthesized by chemical (chemical reduction) or biological (uses of plant, microbes, etc.) processes through self-assembly of atom new nuclei that develop into nanoscale particles in the bottom-top approach [12]; however, in the top-bottom method, appropriate bulk materials are reduced into small particles using different lithographic processes. Physical and chemical processes for nanoparticle synthesis are not environmentally friendly due to the usage of toxic substances that pose a variety of biological dangers and are costly [13]. This review provides a summary of contemporary research on biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles and their applications in various domains.

2. General Chemistries of Gold

There are six possible oxidation states for gold, ranging between −1 and +5, due to its comparatively high electronegativity. Auric (Au (I)) or auric (Au (III)) are two of the main oxidation states for gold complexes [14]. To dissolve gold in aqueous solution, the oxidation and complexation processes work together. Au (I) or Au (III) could form a stable complex in the presence of complex ligands, or, in solution, these could be reduced to metals of gold. Stabilities of gold’s complex is governed not just by complex ligand’s property, but also by the donor atom of ligands which is directly attached to gold atoms [15]. The first rule, according to research, is that stability of gold’s complex reduces as the electronegativity of the donor atom rises. In solution, the stability of the gold halide complex, for example, follows the I- > Br- > Cl- > F patterns [16]. The second rule is that Au (III) is preferred to Au (I) in harsh ligands, whereas Au (I) is preferred to Au (III) in gentle ligands (III). Preferred coordination numbers of Au (I) are 2, which results in a linear complex, whereas Au (III) has a preferred coordination number of 4, which results in a square planar complex. Two precursor uses in the production of GNPs are the gold (III) chloride complexes or the gold thiosulfate (I). In most GNP biosynthesis techniques, the gold (III) chloride complexes are extensively employed as precursors.

3. Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

One of the basic and technical concerns is the production of nanoscale gold within the regulated phase or shapes. Michael Faraday described production of gold colloids, now known as GNPs, nearly 150 years ago using phosphorous to decrease AuCl4 ions. A variety of biological, physical, or chemical methods have been explored in the past years in order to create GNPs for usage in electrical, biotechnological, industrial, pharmaceutical, agricultural, or medical sectors [17]. These methods are used to manufacture gold nanostructures with well-defined compositions, such as colloids, clusters, wires, powders, tubes, rods, and thin films [18]. Physical and chemical approaches to make GNPs have been used in the past, as shown in Figure 1. These approaches have yielded GNPs within size ranging from 1 to 100 nm or varieties of morphology. These synthesis processes have certain limitations despite their considerable research, such as the use of harsh chemicals, rigorous synthesis conditions, energy or capital demands [19], or lower productivities [20]. Currently, mix-shaped nanoparticles (NPs), produced by synthetic methods, need high-cost, low-yield purification processes such as differential centrifugation [6]. Furthermore, these processes create more sludge and pose environmental risks due to harmful solvents or additives. As a result, there is a growing need to create clean, nontoxic, ecologically friendly, and long-term synthesis methods. A key issue is the development of high-yield, low-cost NPs production technologies. Because of their wide range of applications, researchers in nanoparticles synthesis had turned to a biological system.

Biosynthesis has been shown to be a viable method for producing tiny particles on a wide scale [21] (Figure 2). It is worth noting that biologically produced NPs have higher stability [23] and better morphological control. Biological systems that create NPs include bacteria, fungus, actinomycetes, and plants [24, 25]. Microbes create NPs intracellularly and/or extracellularly due to their inherent potential [26]. However, due to the further processing procedures, such as ultrasonication or treatments with appropriate detergents, extracting NP generated via intracellular biosynthesis is often challenging [27]. As a result, bacteria that produce NP extracellularly must be thoroughly screened [28]. Microorganisms as potential biofactories for GNP production is a promising new field of study. Additionally, it can easily be scaled up for larger-scale production and is economical, time-saving, and ecologically friendly [29]. Next sections go through the various microbial synthesis techniques for GNPs in further depth.

3.1. Bacteria

Prokaryotes have gained a lot of interest in the field of GNP synthesis among microorganisms. For the first time, bacterial generation of GNP in Bacillus subtilis 168 was described, indicating the presence of 10–35 nm octahedral NPs in the cell wall [30]. Rhodopseudomonas capsulata generated spherical GNPGNP within diameters of 10–20 nm at a lower concentration [31] or nanowires within networks at high concentrations [32]. In a study, GNP synthesis has been reported in six cyanobacteria which include Plectonema sp., Calothrix sp., Anabaena sp., and Leptolyngbya sp. GNP [33]. Govindaraju et al. [34] reported synthesis of GNPs from single celled protein, that is, Spirulina platensis GNP. Table 1 summarizes the synthesis of bacterial GNP. Ahmad et al. [44] demonstrate microbial generation of monodispersed GNPs from an extremophilic Thermomonas sp. A study reported that after 48 hours of incubation with aqueous chloroauric acid (HAuCl₄) solution at pH ranges of 4.0–7.0, bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata produces spherical GNPs in 15–25 nm ranges [31]. Furthermore, pH of the solution is an important factor that influences types of biogenic AuNPs or location of gold deposition in the cell. Due to metal ion reduction by enzyme present in cell walls or on the cytoplasmic membrane but not in the cytosols, alkalotolerant Rhodococcus sp. formed more intracellular monodispersed GNPs on the cytoplasmic membrane than on the cell walls. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cell supernatant was used for the reduction of gold ions and extracellular production of GNPs [36]. Heterotrophic sulphate-reducing bacteria were employed in the bacterial cell membrane to decrease gold (I) thiosulfate complexes Au (S₂O₃)₂ to elementals golds of 10 nm sizes, resulting in H2S as a metabolic end product [48]. E. coli DH5 biologically reduces chloroauric acid to Au0, leading to the synthesis of nanoparticles on the cell surface, which were mostly spherical but also included some triangles or quasihexagons. This cell-bounded nanoparticles might be useful in hemoglobin or protein electrochemistry [49]. Rhodobacter capsulatus, a photosynthetic bacterium with a larger biosorption capacities for HAuCl₄, have also been found to bioreduce trivalent aurum. Carotenoid or NADPH-dependent enzyme incorporated in plasma membranes or released extracellularly had been identified to have a role in biosorption or bioreduction of Au³⁺ to Au⁰ both inside and outside cells [50].

3.2. Fungi

Fungi are among the most effective microbial agents for the production of metal nanoparticles. Fusarium oxysporum, Trichothecium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Trichoderma asperellum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, T. viride, Fusarium semitectum, Coriolus versicolor, Aspergillus fumigates, or Phoma glomerata are examples of fungi. Fungi are believed to be more advantageous for GNP synthesis than other bacteria because fungal-mycelial meshes, unlike bacteria, could withstand flow pressure, agitations, or other bioreactor conditions. They are easy to culture and manage. They produce more reductive protein extracellular secretions and are more easily processed downstream [51]. Fungus Trichothecium sp. was reported to produce GNPs both extracellularly and intracellularly [52]. Under stationary conditions, gold ion interacting within Trichothecium sp. fungal biomass results in rapid extracellular formations of GNPs with spherical rod-like and triangular shapes, whereas in case of shaking condition it resulted in intracellular formation of the GNPs. A study reported that whenever gold ions are exposed to extremophilic actinomycete Thermomonospora sp., it reduces metal ions extracellularly [53]. Table 2 provides an overview of fungal derived GNP production.

3.3. Plant

One of the most significant methods for biosynthesis of nanoparticles was the use of plant extracts (Figure 3). In a study, Azadirachta indica leaf extract showed bioreduction of Au³⁺ or Ag⁺ ion [69]. Aloe vera leaf extract was used to make gold nanotriangle and spherical silver nanoparticles [70]. Some of the ecological benefits of processing plants or their extracts in producing GNPs include uses of nontoxic biocomponents to cap or reduce GNP, limiting waste generation, eliminating the need for further purification methods or ease of availability. Flavonoids, phytosterols, quinones, and other plant biocomponents contribute to the formation of GNPs because they include functional groups that aid in the reduction and stability of GNPs. To create specified shapes and sizes of GNPs, technique requires the combination of gold salt with plant extracts for a certain period of time under various reaction variables such as pH, incubation duration, and temperature.

Song et al. [71] reported GNPs synthesis from leaf extract of two plants, that is, Magnolia kobus and Diospyros kaki. GNPs were synthesied by using a plant extract mixed with an aqueous HAuCl4 solution. At a reaction temperature of 95°C, more than 90% of the GNPs were recovered in just a few minutes. Emblica officinalis fruit extract was also used as a reducing agent in extracellular synthesis of extremely stables Ag nanoparticles [72]. In a study, Cinnamomum camphora leaf extract was used to make gold nanoparticles [73]. Further information on the plants that have been used for synthesis of GNPs has been provided in Table 3.

3.4. Algae

Algae is one of the potential biological agents which can be utilized for the synthesis of different types of nanoparticles. There is a current interest in the study of algal mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, with a focus on the evaluation of the effect of reaction conditions, such as pH, temperature, and stirring rate, upon the final nanoparticles with respect to size, morphology, stability, and so forth [102]. A study employed algal system to explore procedure of gold’s reduction by Chlorella vulgaris biomass from gold (III) chloride solution [103]. XAS data show that Au (III) was significantly reduced to Au (I), also Au (I) is coordinated along sulfur atom from free-sulfhydryl residue or lighter-atoms elements, most likely nitrogen. Another study reported that elemental gold was largely precipitated on cell wall of Sargassum natans biomass [104]. According to a study, hydroxyl groups of saccharide or carboxylates anions of amino acid residues from peptidoglycans layers on cell walls seemed to be the gold binding site [105]. A marine alga Sargassum wightii was also used for production of GNPs [106]. After 12 hours of reaction, stable GNPs in the size range of 8–12 nm was produced through reducing aq. AuCl4- ions within extracts of marine alga, with 95% of golds recovered. Some other algae which are used for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles include Acanthophora spicifera, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Sargassum myriocystum, Stoechospermum marginatum, Sargassum wightii, and Laminaria japonica [107]. Arockiya Aarthi Rajathi et al. [108] reported synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Stoechospermum marginatum and the synthesized nanoparticles were 18.7–93.7 nm in size. Another study reported synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Tetraselmis kochinensis with 5–35 nm in size [109]. Abdel-Raouf et al. [110] reported synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Galaxaura elongata with the size range of 3.85–77.13 nm. Sargassum cymosum synthesized gold nanoparticles were reported by Costa et al. [111] with the size range of 7–20 nm.

3.5. Biomolecules

Biomolecules are molecules that are produced by living organisms to help the body’s biological processes. Some of the biomolecules include amino acids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Carbonyl and hydroxyl groups of biomolecules convert Au³⁺ ion to Au⁰ atom. After that, Au⁰ is capped, yielding stable GNPs. The biosafety of the reactants employed in the manufacture of GNP’s may be addressed using this technique. Table 4 depicts the various biomolecule-mediated GNP production methods. List of different biomolecules which were utilized for gold nanoparticles synthesis has been reported in Table 4.

4. Advantages of Biologically Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles

Biogenic gold nanoparticles are free from hazardous by-products which are generally found in case of chemical synthesis, that resulted in minimising usage in different applications [128]. To be used in biomedical applications, gold nanoparticles must be biocompatible. Biological production of gold nanoparticles had various advantages, including its simplicity, one-step nature, environmental friendliness, cost effectiveness, and biocompatibility [129]. Furthermore, no external stabilising agents are required since biogenic components of plants and microorganisms serve as stabilising or capping agents. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles requires less time than chemical one. Another advantage of biological synthesis is that it could decrease numbers of chemical synthesis steps required, such as adding functional groups to surfaces of gold nanoparticles to make them physiologically active [129].

5. Applications of GNPs

The productions of inorganic or metal-based nanomaterials had encouraged establishment of newer industry which brings together experts from several sectors to hunt for new type of nanoparticles having distinct property. Developing or designing creative or cost-effective processes for scaling up the nanomaterial manufacturing has not only given an intriguing topic of research but will also address future human needs such as health, safety, and environmental concerns. Nanomaterials are rapidly being used in industry, also these would soon replace hazardous or toxic chemical usage. The utilization of nanoparticles or nanocomposites is relatively safer option, opening up new areas for antibacterial research. Different ancient cultures (India, China, or Egypt) employed gold to heal diseases like smallpox, syphilis, skin ulcers, or measles [130].

5.1. Medical Application

Gold nanoparticles are versatile materials with several uses in a wide range of industries. Gold particles were coated with DNA and inserted into plant embryos or plant cells by researchers. This ensures that some genetic material enters and transforms the cells. This technique improves plant plastids. Because GNPs may be detected using a number of methods, including optical absorptions fluorescent or electrical conductivities, they had been mainly used in biosensor labelling and bioimaging applications [131]. GNPs were focused and amplified in regions of interests, giving contrasts for observations or visualisations. Light energy causes free electrons in GNPs to form collective oscillations k/a, a surface plasmon, which has the property of considerably absorbing and scattering visible light. The excited electron plasma thermally relaxes by the transfer of energies to gold lattices, causing GNPs to heat up as a result of light absorption. The interaction of GNPs with light can assist in optical microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, photothermal imaging, or photoacoustic imaging. In addition, transmission-electrons microscopy [132] may be used to investigate interactions of GNPs with electrons wave or X-ray. Gold nanoparticles have long been used to carry therapeutic compounds into cells [133]. Before being administered to cells by gene guns or particle ingestion, the chemicals are adsorbed on the surface of GNPs.

5.1.1. Anticancer Activity

GNPs are used to treat cancer because of their biocompatibility. GNPs might be utilized to treat epithelial ovarian cancer. They have the capacity to suppress the evolution of ovarian cancer and metastasis [134]. Growth factors VEGF (vascular-endothelial growth factors) are involved in the development of ovarian cancer and tumour growth. GNPs have also been demonstrated to inhibit activity of VEGF, which promotes cell proliferation, in multiple myeloma (MM), a plasma cell cancer. As a result of VEGF inhibition, cell-cycle inhibitor proteins such as p21 or p27, that limit proliferations, are upregulated [135]. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a kind of leukaemia characterised by an excess of lymphocytes that originate in bone marrow but could spread to different organs. GNPs have been found to inhibit the action of factor produced by CLL cells or to promote apoptosis [136] because they have the potential to impair the function of heparin-based growth factors.

5.1.2. Tumour Detection

Newly developed functionalized GNPs (dendrimers) have been developed to target and destroy tumours and combat cancer [137]. GNPs are intended not only to recognise, target, and destroy tumours, but also to transport an additional chemical that can delay or kill cancerous cells. Dendrimers function as arm for GNPs, allowing other molecules to be attached to the arms. Laser and infrared light heat gold’s particle, prompting dendrimer in releasing chemicals that kill tumours. The Mie equations suggest that the surface plasmon resonance scattering of GNPs will increase as the nanoparticle size grows. By conjugating GNP to anti-EGFR antibodies, using stronger scattering images of GNP coupled to antibodies which just adhere to cancerous cells and not to noncancerous cells, researchers were able to distinguish between cancerous and noncancerous cell [138]. A basic optical microscope is used to view the scattering. They obtain 500% greatest bindings ratios to sick cells compared to nonmalignant cells, allowing cancerous cells to be spotted using a dark field microscope to examine scattered light. Because of their higher X-ray’s absorption coefficient, simplicity of synthetics modification, nontoxicity, surfaces functionalities for colloidal stabilities, targets distribution, GNPs had received most attention as an X-ray’s contrasting agent. Low-molecular-weight vascular contrasting age agents, like iodinates compounds, are common. These iodinated aromatics have a high-water solubility, indicating minimal toxicity. However, the period of blood circulation is brief, and waste is quickly removed by the kidneys. As a result, a limited imaging windows might necessitate numerous injections, increasing risks of thyroid-gland dysfunctions.

5.1.3. Antibacterial Activity

Gold nanoparticles are able to inhibit bacterial growth by conferring themselves onto the bacterial cell surface due to their surface changes. Alteration of surface releases reactive oxygen species which causes protein denaturation, DNA destruction, and mitochondrial disfunction and finally leads to cell death [139]. A study reported synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Mentha piperita and evaluated its antibacterial effect against E. coli and S. aureus and found that gold nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against E. coli only [140]. Another study reported synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Commelina nudiflora and found that it was effective against Salmonella typhi and Enterococcus faecalis [141]. Abdel-Raouf et al. [110] reported synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Galaxaura elongate and evaluated its antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MRSA.

5.2. Environmental Application

5.2.1. Removal of Pollutants

GNP-based technologies are being developed now for pollution control and water purification in the environment. Bimetallic gold-palladium nanoparticles have been found to be a potent catalyst for degrading trichloroethene (TCE), which is one of the primary contaminants in groundwater, into a nontoxic form [142]. GNPs in water purifications system have been shown to effectively gather and eliminate halocarbon-based pollutants from drinking water [143] and improve mercury oxidation from coal-fired power plants [144].

5.2.2. Ornamental Applications

GNPs were developed to selectively oxidize biomass-derived chemicals such as furfurals or hydroxymethyl furfurals to produce methyl-esters, carbon monoxide (CO), or trimethylamine. These chemicals are used in polymers and industrial solvents, as well as in flavour and fragrance applications [145]. A range of gases, including carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides, have been detected using Au nanoparticle-based gas sensors (NOx) [146].

5.2.3. Removal of Inorganic Compounds

Green GNPs are widely recognised for their catalytic activity, particularly their catalytic reduction abilities. Although gold is not commonly used as a catalyst, gold nanoparticles have been reported to decrease ferrocyanide (III), nitroarenes, cyanosilylation of aldehydes, and deoxygenation of epoxides into alkenes. For example, p-nitrophenols, which are common by-products of the production of herbicides, pesticides, and synthetic dyes and are known to be environmentally poisonous and inhibitory in nature, have been successfully reduced to p-amino phenols by green synthesized GNPs, which would otherwise be incapable of being converted to its neutral and nontoxic form even by the strongest reducing agent [147–149].

6. Future Perspective

Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding area with several applications in various fields. Gold nanoparticles are synthesized using a variety of processes because of their vast range of uses. Traditional chemical procedures have limitations, either in the form of chemical contamination during the synthesis process or in future applications. Chemical reduction of gold uses a variety of chemicals (reducing agents) that are usually hazardous and difficult to dispose of owing to environmental concerns. Synthesis is also carried out at higher temperatures in a variety of different situations, which generate a lot of heat and are highly expensive. Biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles has sparked considerable attention because it is a quick, ecofriendly, nonpathogenic, and cost-effective method that can be completed in a single step at room temperature and pressure. Compared to standard physical and chemical techniques, biological synthesis is an environmentally friendly approach that uses a diverse variety of resources such as plants, bacteria, actinomycetes, yeast, and fungi. The biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles is still in its early stages of investigation. There are a few issues that must be addressed. Several studies are still required to better understand the impacts of time, temperature, light, and other elements on the formation of gold nanoparticles, as well as the control of the nanoparticle size and shape. Furthermore, researchers face challenges due to a lack of knowledge of the chemical components and mechanisms involved in the reduction and stability of biosynthesized gold nanoparticles. As a consequence, more studies are recommended on the mechanism of gold nanoparticle synthesis and its influence on the shape and size of gold nanoparticles for various applications.

7. Conclusion

Biological approach for nanoparticle synthesis is an important alternative in the development of clean, nontoxic, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technologies for the synthesis of GNPs, with substantial advantages over previous approaches. Many biological agents have the capacity to synthesise GNPs both inside and outside the cell. Research into the production of GNPs is still in its early stages. For widespread usage of GNPs in commercial applications, more research is required on biosynthesis processes and with well-defined size and shape. The capacity to vary the features of GNPs simply by changing their size or shape is intriguing, and it will be employed in unique applications in the future. GNPs are employed in a wide range of applications, including electronics and catalysis, as well as biology, medicine, and medical diagnostics and therapy. However, further research into the mechanics and kinetics of GNP production is required, since this might lead to process optimization, eventually leading to GNP synthesis with strict control over size, shape, and large-scale manufacturing.

Data Availability

All data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University (KKU) for funding this work through the Research Group Program Under the Grant Number R.G.P.2/248/43.

References

S. Sikiru, O. A. Ayodele, Y. K. Sanusi et al., “A comprehensive review on nanotechnology application in wastewater treatment a case study of metal-based using green synthesis,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 10, Article ID 108065, 2022.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Roy, M. Roy, S. Alghamdi et al., “Role of microbes and nanomaterials in the removal of pesticides from wastewater,” International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2022, Article ID 2131583, 12 pages, 2022.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Khan, A. Roy, S. Bhasin et al., “Nanomaterials: an alternative source for biodegradation of toxic dyes,” Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 164, Article ID 112996, 2022.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Pandit, A. Roy, S. Ghotekar et al., “Biological agents for synthesis of nanoparticles and their applications,” Journal of King Saud University Science, vol. 34, no. 3, Article ID 101869, 2022.
View at: Google Scholar
U. M. Muddapur, S. Alshehri, M. M. Ghoneim et al., “Plant-based synthesis of gold nanoparticles and theranostic applications: a review,” Molecules, vol. 27, no. 4, p. 1391, 2022.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Roy, A. Sharma, S. Yadav, L. T. Jule, and R. Krishnaraj, “Nanomaterials for remediation of environmental pollutants,” Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications, vol. 2021, Article ID 1764647, 16 pages, 2021.
View at: Google Scholar
T. K. Sau and A. L. Rogach, “Nonspherical noble metal nanoparticles: colloid-chemical synthesis and morphology control,” Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla), vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 1781–1804, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Reshmy, E. Philip, S. A. Paul et al., “Nanocellulose-based products for sustainable applications-recent trends and possibilities,” Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 779–806, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Deepa, L. Rajeshkumar, and M. Ramesh, “Preparation, synthesis, properties and characterization of graphene-based 2D nano-materials for biosensors and bioelectronics,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 19, 2022.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Nagore, S. Ghotekar, K. Mane, A. J. Ghoti, M. Bilal, and A. Roy, “Structural properties and antimicrobial activities of Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract-mediated CuO nanoparticles,” BioNanoScience, vol. 11, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
U. Shedbalkar, R. Singh, S. Wadhwani, S. Gaidhani, and B. A. Chopade, “Microbial synthesis of gold nanoparticles: current status and future prospects,” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 209, pp. 40–48, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
Q. H. Tran, V. Q. Nguyen, and L. Anh-Tuan, “Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, properties, toxicology, applications and perspectives,” Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 4, no. 3, Article ID 033001, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Ahmed and S. Ikram, “Silver nanoparticles: one pot green synthesis using Terminalia arjuna extract for biological application,” Journal of Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology, vol. 6, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Gehan, L. Fillaud, N. Felidj et al., “A general approach combining diazonium salts and click chemistries for gold surface functionalization by nanoparticle assemblies,” Langmuir, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 3975–3980, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
C. J. Ackerson, P. D. Jadzinsky, G. J. Jensen, and R. D. Kornberg, “Rigid, specific, and discrete gold nanoparticle/antibody conjugates,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 128, no. 8, pp. 2635–2640, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Pinter, L. Broeckaert, J. Turek, A. Růžička, and F. De Proft, “Dimers of N‐heterocyclic carbene copper, silver, and gold halides: probing metallophilic interactions through electron density based concepts,” Chemistry—A European Journal, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 734–744, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
P. K. Dikshit, J. Kumar, A. K. Das et al., “Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles: applications and limitations,” Catalysts, vol. 11, no. 8, p. 902, 2021.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Dadras, P. Jafarkhani, M. Javad Torkamany, and J. Sabbaghzadeh, “Effects of ultrasound radiation on the synthesis of laser ablated gold nanoparticles,” Journal of Physics D, vol. 42, no. 2, Article ID 025405, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Das and E. Marsili, “A green chemical approach for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles: characterization and mechanistic aspect,” Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, vol. 9, pp. 199–204, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. L. Riddin, M. Gericke, and C. G. Whiteley, “Analysis of the inter- and extracellular formation of platinum nanoparticles by Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. Lycopersici using response surface methodology,” Nanotechnology, vol. 17, no. 14, pp. 3482–3489, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. C. Nagajyothi and K. D. Lee, “Synthesis of plant-mediated silver nanoparticles using Dioscorea batatas rhizome extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities,” Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. 2011, Article ID e573429, 7 pages, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. O. Mikhailova, “Gold nanoparticles: biosynthesis and potential of biomedical application,” Journal of Functional Biomaterials, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 70, 2021.
View at: Google Scholar
F. Islam, S. Shohag, M. J. Uddin et al., “Exploring the journey of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) toward biomedical applications,” Materials, vol. 15, no. 6, p. 2160, 2022.
View at: Google Scholar
T. Jayaramudu, G. Malegowd Raghavendra, K. Varaprasad, R. Sadiku, and K. M. Raju, “Development of novel biodegradable Au nanocomposite hydrogels based on wheat: for inactivation of bacteria,” Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 2193–2200, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. K. Suresh, D. A. Pelletier, W. Wang et al., “Biofabrication of discrete spherical gold nanoparticles using the metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis,” Acta Biomaterialia, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 2148–2152, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. H. Tanzil, S. T. Sultana, S. R. Saunders, L. Shi, E. Marsili, and H. Beyenal, “Biological synthesis of nanoparticles in biofilms,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol. 95, pp. 4–12, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Boroumand Moghaddam, F. Namvar, M. Moniri, P. Tahir, S. Azizi, and R. Mohamad, “Nanoparticles biosynthesized by fungi and yeast: a review of their preparation, properties, and medical applications,” Molecules, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 16540–16565, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
X. Huang, S. Neretina, A. Mostafa, and E. Sayed, “Gold nanorods: from synthesis and properties to biological and biomedical applications,” Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla), vol. 21, no. 48, pp. 4880–4910, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Natarajan, S. Selvaraj, and V. Ramachandra Murty, “Microbial production of silver nanoparticles,” Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 135–140, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Gharatape, S. Davaran, R. Salehi, and H. Hamishehkar, “Engineered gold nanoparticles for photothermal cancer therapy and bacteria killing,” RSC Advances, vol. 6, no. 112, pp. 111482–111516, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
S. He, Z. Guo, Y. Zhang, S. Zhang, J. Wang, and N. Gu, “Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using the bacteria Rhodopseudomonas capsulata,” Materials Letters, vol. 61, no. 18, pp. 3984–3987, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. He, Y. Zhang, Z. Guo, and N. Gu, “Biological synthesis of gold nanowires using extract of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata,” Biotechnology Progress, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 476–480, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Brayner, H. . Barberousse, M. Hemadi et al., “Cyanobacteria as bioreactors for the synthesis of Au, Ag, Pd, and Pt nanoparticles via an enzyme-mediated route,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 2696–2708, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Govindaraju, K. Basha, G. Kumar, and G. Singaravelu, “Silver, gold and bimetallic nanoparticles production using single-cell protein (Spirulina platensis) geitler,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 43, pp. 5115–5122, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Chakraborty, A. Banerjee, S. Lahiri, A. Panda, A. N. Ghosh, and R. Pal, “Biorecovery of gold using cyanobacteria and an eukaryotic alga with special reference to nanogold formation–a novel phenomenon,” Journal of Applied Phycology, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 145–152, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. I. Husseiny, M. Abd El-Aziz, Y. Badr, and M. A. Mahmoud, “Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using Pseudomonas aeruginosa,” Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 67, no. 3-4, pp. 1003–1006, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Mewada, O. Goldie, S. Pandey, and M. Sharon, “Extracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Pseudomonas denitrificans and comprehending its stability,” Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, vol. 2, pp. 493–499, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Sharma, A. K. Pinnaka, M. Raje, F. N. U. Ashish, M. S. Bhattacharyya, and A. Roy Choudhury, “Exploitation of marine bacteria for production of gold nanoparticles,” Microbial Cell Factories, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 86, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Malhotra, K. Dolma, N. Kaur, Y. S. Rathore, S. M. Ashish, and A. Roy Choudhury, “Biosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using a novel marine strain of stenotrophomonas,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 142, pp. 727–731, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Li Wen, Z. Lin, P. Gu et al., “Extracellular biosynthesis of monodispersed gold nanoparticles by a SAM capping route,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 279–288, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Nair and T. Pradeep, “Coalescence of nanoclusters and formation of submicron crystallites assisted by Lactobacillus strains,” Crystal Growth and Design, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 293–298, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Mohammed Fayaz, M. Girilal, M. Rahman, R. Venkatesan, and P. T. Kalaichelvan, “Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus,” Process Biochemistry, vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 1958–1962, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Sastry, A. Ahmad, M. Islam Khan, and R. Kumar, “Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using fungi and actinomycete,” Current Science, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 162–170, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Ahmad, S. Senapati, M. Islam Khan et al., “Intracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles by a novel alkalotolerant actinomycete,” Rhodococcusspecies, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 824–828, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. S. Reddy, C. Y. Chen, C. C. Chen et al., “Biological synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles mediated by the bacteria Bacillus subtilis,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 6567–6574, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Nangia, N. Wangoo, S. Sharma et al., “Facile biosynthesis of phosphate capped gold nanoparticles by a bacterial isolate Stenotrophomonas maltophilia,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 94, no. 23, Article ID 233901, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
M. P. Patil, M. J. Kang, I. Niyonizigiye et al., “Extracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles using the marine bacterium Paracoccus haeundaensis BC74171T and evaluation of their antioxidant activity and antiproliferative effect on normal and cancer cell lines,” Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol. 183, Article ID 110455, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
M. F. Lengke, M. E. Fleet, and S. Gordon, “Bioaccumulation of gold by filamentous cyanobacteria between 25 and 200°C,” Geomicrobiology Journal, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 591–597, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Du, H. Jiang, X. Liu, and E. Wang, “Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles assisted by Escherichia coli DH5α and its application on direct electrochemistry of hemoglobin,” Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 9, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Feng, Y. Yu, Y. Wang, and X. Lin, “Biosorption and bioreduction of trivalent aurum by photosynthetic bacteria Rhodobacter capsulatus,” Current Microbiology, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 402–408, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Musarrat, S. Dwivedi, B. R. Singh, Q. Saquib, A. Abdulaziz, and A. Khedhairy, “Microbially synthesized nanoparticles: scope and applications,” Microbes and Microbial Technology: Agricultural and Environmental Applications, Springer, New York, NY, USA, pp. 101–26, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Ahmad, P. Mukherjee, S. Senapati et al., “Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Fusarium oxysporum,” Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 313–318, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Xie, J. L. Yang Wang, and Y. P. Ting, “High-yield synthesis of complex gold nanostructures in a fungal system,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 111, no. 45, pp. 16858–16865, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. S. Shankar, A. Ahmad, R. Pasricha, and M. Sastry, “Bioreduction of chloroaurate ions by geranium leaves and its endophytic fungus yields gold nanoparticles of different shapes,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 1822–1826, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Mukherjee, S. Senapati, D. Mandal et al., “Extracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum,” ChemBioChem: A European Journal of Chemical Biology, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 461–463, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
S. A. Kumar, Y.-A. Peter, and J. L. Nadeau, “Facile biosynthesis, separation and conjugation of gold nanoparticles to doxorubicin,” Nanotechnology, vol. 19, no. 49, Article ID 495101, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Castro-Longoria, A. R. Vilchis-Nestor, and M. Avalos-Borja, “Biosynthesis of silver, gold and bimetallic nanoparticles using the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa,” Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 42–48, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Mishra, S. Kumar Tripathy, R. Wahab et al., “Microbial synthesis of gold nanoparticles using the fungus Penicillium brevicompactum and their cytotoxic effects against mouse mayo blast cancer C 2 C 12 cells,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 617–630, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Maliszewska, L. Aniszkiewicz, and Z. Sadowski, “Biological synthesis of gold nanostructures using the extract of Trichoderma koningii,” Acta Physica Polonica A, vol. 116, 163 pages, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Mukherjee, A. Ahmad, D. Mandal et al., “Bioreduction of AuCl (4)(−) ions by the fungus, Verticillium sp. and surface trapping of the gold nanoparticles formed D.M. and S.S. Thank the council of scientific and industrial research (CSIR), government of India, for financial assistance,” Angewandte Chemie, vol. 40, no. 19, pp. 3585–3588, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Gericke and A. Pinches, “Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 132–140, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. B. Narayanan and S. Natarajan, “Mycocrystallization of gold ions by the fungus Cylindrocladium floridanum,” World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 2207–2211, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Sanghi, P. Verma, and S. Puri, “Enzymatic formation of gold nanoparticles using Phanerochaete chrysosporium,” Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 154–162, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Philip, “Biosynthesis of Au, Ag and Au-Ag nanoparticles using edible mushroom extract,” Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 374–381, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Gericke and P. Anthony, “Microbial production of gold nanoparticles,” Gold Bulletin, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 22–28, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. S. Pimprikar, S. S. Joshi, A. R. Kumar, S. S. Zinjarde, and S. K. Kulkarni, “Influence of biomass and gold salt concentration on nanoparticle synthesis by the tropical marine yeast yarrowia lipolytica NCIM 3589,” Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 309–316, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Chauhan, S. Zubair, S. Tufail et al., “Fungus-mediated biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles: potential in detection of liver cancer,” International Journal of Nanomedicine, vol. 6, pp. 2305–2319, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. K. Bharadwaj, B. Rabha, S. Pati et al., “Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using plant extracts as beneficial prospect for cancer theranostics,” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 21, p. 6389, 2021.
View at: Google Scholar
S. S. Shankar, A. Rai, A. Ahmad, and M. Sastry, “Rapid synthesis of Au, Ag, and bimetallic Au core-Ag shell nanoparticles using neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf broth,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 275, no. 2, pp. 496–502, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. P. Chandran, M. Chaudhary, R. Pasricha, A. Ahmad, and M. Sastry, “Synthesis of gold nanotriangles and silver nanoparticles using aloe vera plant extract,” Biotechnology Progress, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 577–583, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Song, H.-K. Jang, and B. Kim, “Biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles using magnolia kobus and diopyros kaki leaf extracts,” Process Biochemistry, vol. 44, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Ankamwar, C. Damle, A. Ahmad, and M. Sastry, “Biosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using emblica officinalis fruit extract, their phase transfer and transmetallation in an organic solution,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 1665–1671, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Huang, Q. Li, D. Sun et al., “Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by novel sundried Cinnamomum camphora leaf,” Nanotechnology, vol. 18, Article ID 105104, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Reddy, R. Sri Torati, S. Oh, and C. G. Kim, “Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles assisted by Sapindus mukorossi gaertn. Fruit pericarp and their catalytic application for the reduction of p-nitroaniline,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 556–564, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Dauthal and M. Mukhopadhyay, “Prunus domestica fruit extract-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its catalytic activity for 4-nitrophenol reduction,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 51, no. 40, pp. 13014–13020, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. B. Narayanan and S. Natarajan, “Phytosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of coleus amboinicus lour,” Materials Characterization, vol. 61, no. 11, pp. 1232–1238, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. S. Kumar, D. Gokavarapu, A. Rajeswari et al., “Facile green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of antidiabetic potent Cassia auriculata,” Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 159–163, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Jayaseelan, R. Ramkumar, A. A. Rahuman, and P. Perumal, “Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using seed aqueous extract of abelmoschus esculentus and its antifungal activity,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 45, pp. 423–429, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Noruzi, D. Zare, K. Khoshnevisan, and D. Davoodi, “Rapid green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using rosa hybrida petal extract at room temperature,” Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 1461–1465, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Das, R. Kumar, N. Gogoi, and U. Bora, “Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Nyctanthes arbortristis flower extract,” Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 615–619, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Ghosh, S. Patil, M. Ahire et al., “Gnidia glauca flower extract mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles and evaluation of its chemocatalytic potential,” Journal of Nanobiotechnology, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 17, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. B. A. Ahmed, S. Subramanian, A. Sivasubramanian, G. Veerappan, and A. Veerappan, “Preparation of gold nanoparticles using Salicornia brachiata plant extract and evaluation of catalytic and antibacterial activity,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 130, pp. 54–58, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Vijayakumar, “Eco-friendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles using fruit extracts and in vitro anticancer studies,” Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 753–761, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Balalakshmi, K. Gopinath, M. Govindarajan et al., “Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using a cheap Sphaeranthus indicus extract: impact on plant cells and the aquatic crustacean Artemia nauplii,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, vol. 173, pp. 598–605, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Khademi-Azandehi and J. Moghaddam, “Green synthesis, characterization and physiological stability of gold nanoparticles from Stachys lavandulifolia vahl extract,” Particuology, vol. 19, pp. 22–26, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
N. K. R. Bogireddy, K. K. H. Anand, and B. K. Mandal, “Gold nanoparticles—synthesis by Sterculia acuminata extract and its catalytic efficiency in alleviating different organic dyes,” Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 211, pp. 868–875, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Sadeghi, M. Mohammadzadeh, and B. Babakhani, “Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Stevia rebaudiana leaf extracts: characterization and their stability,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, vol. 148, pp. 101–106, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
N. K. Kadiyala, B. K. Mandal, S. Ranjan, and N. Dasgupta, “Bioinspired gold nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite using Syzygium cumini seed extract: evaluation of its biological applications,” Materials Science and Engineering: C, vol. 93, pp. 191–205, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
K. M. Kumar, B. K. Mandal, M. Sinha, and V. Krishnakumar, “Terminalia chebula mediated green and rapid synthesis of gold nanoparticles,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 86, pp. 490–494, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Hamelian, K. Varmira, and H. Veisi, “Green synthesis and characterizations of gold nanoparticles using thyme and survey cytotoxic effect, antibacterial and antioxidant potential,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, vol. 184, pp. 71–79, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
S. A. Aromal and D. Philip, “Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using trigonella foenum-graecum and its size-dependent catalytic activity,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 97, pp. 1–5, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
K. P. Kumar, W. Paul, and C. P. Sharma, “Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles with Zingiber officinale extract: characterization and blood compatibility,” Process Biochemistry, vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 2007–2013, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Zarzuela, M. J. Luna, M. L. A. Gil et al., “Analytical determination of the reducing and stabilization agents present in different Zostera noltii extracts used for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, vol. 179, pp. 32–38, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
M. S. Osman, N. A. A. Bashah, N. Amri et al., “Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using aqueous extracts of mariposa cristia vespertillonis: influence of pH on its colloidal stability,” Materials Today Proceedings, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 22050–22055, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
B. S. Bhau, S. Ghosh, S. Puri, B. Borah, D. K. Sarmah, and R. Khan, “Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Nepenthes khasiana and antimicrobial assay,” Advanced Material Letters, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 55–58, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Tahir, S. Nazir, B. Li et al., “Nerium oleander leaves extract mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its antioxidant activity,” Materials Letters, vol. 156, pp. 198–201, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Maji, M. Beg, S. Das et al., “Spectroscopic study on interaction of Nymphaea nouchali leaf extract mediated bactericidal gold nanoparticles with human serum albumin,” Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 1179, pp. 685–693, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
R. A. Alvarez-Bayona, M. Cortez-Valadez, F. Martínez-Suárez, J. J. Cruz-Rivera, and M. Flores-Acosta, “Green synthesis approximation of Au/Li nanoparticles with Opuntia ficus-indica extract,” Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, vol. 108, pp. 169–173, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
M. P. Desai, G. M. Sangaokar, and K. D. Pawar, “Kokum fruit mediated biogenic gold nanoparticles with photoluminescent, photocatalytic and antioxidant activities,” Process biochemistry, vol. 70, pp. 188–197, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Zha, C. Dong, X. Wang, X. Zhang, X. Xiao, and X. Yang, “Green synthesis and characterization of monodisperse gold nanoparticles using Ginkgo Biloba leaf extract,” Optik, vol. 144, pp. 511–521, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
S. H. M. Taib, K. Shameli, P. M. Nia et al., “Electrooxidation of nitrite based on green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Hibiscus sabdariffa leaves,” Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, vol. 95, pp. 616–626, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Link and M. A. El-Sayed, “Size and temperature dependence of the plasmon absorption of colloidal gold nanoparticles,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 103, no. 21, pp. 4212–4217, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
J. W. Watkins, R. C. Elder, B. Greene, and D. W. Darnall, “Determination of gold binding in an algal biomass using EXAFS and XANES spectroscopies,” Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 1147–1151, 1987.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Kuyucak and B. Volesky, “The mechanism of gold biosorption,” Biorecovery, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 219–235, 1989.
View at: Google Scholar
Z. Lin, J. Wu, R. Xue, and Y. Yang, “Spectroscopic characterization of Au3+ biosorption by waste biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae,” Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 761–765, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Singaravelu, J. S. Arockiamary, V. Ganesh Kumar, and K. Govindaraju, “A novel extracellular synthesis of monodisperse gold nanoparticles using marine alga, sargassum wightii greville,” Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 97–101, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Ramakrishna, D. Rajesh Babu, R. M. Gengan, S. Chandra, and G. Nageswara Rao, “Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using marine algae and evaluation of their catalytic activity,” Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
F. Arockiya Aarthi Rajathi, C. Parthiban, V. Ganesh Kumar, and P. Anantharaman, “Biosynthesis of antibacterial gold nanoparticles using brown alga, Stoechospermum marginatum (kützing),” Spectrochimica Acta: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy., vol. 99, pp. 166–173, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Senapati, A. Syed, S. Moeez, A. Kumar, and A. Ahmad, “Intracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles using alga Tetraselmis kochinensis,” Materials Letters, vol. 79, pp. 116–118, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Abdel-Raouf, N. M. Al-Enazi, and I. B. Ibraheem, “Green biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using Galaxaura elongata and characterization of their antibacterial activity,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 10, pp. S3029–S3039, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
L. H. Costa, J. V. Hemmer, E. H. Wanderlind et al., “Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles obtained from algae sargassum cymosum: optimization, characterization and stability,” BioNanoScience, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1049–1062, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Das, S. S. Nath, and R. Bhattacharjee, “Preparation of linoleic acid capped gold nanoparticles and their spectra,” Physica E Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, vol. 43, pp. 224–227, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Aswathy Aromal and P. Daizy, “Facile one-pot synthesis of gold nanoparticles using tannic acid and its application in catalysis,” Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, vol. 44, no. 7-8, pp. 1692–1696, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. B. Narayanan and S. Natarajan, “Facile green synthesis of gold nanostructures by NADPH-dependent enzyme from the extract of sclerotium rolfsii,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol. 3, no. 380, pp. 156–161, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. J. Morrow, E. Matijević, and D. V. Goia, “Preparation and stabilization of monodisperse colloidal gold by reduction with aminodextran,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 335, no. 1, pp. 62–69, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Du, Xi-L. Luo, J.-J. Xu, and H.-Y. Chen, “A simple method to fabricate a chitosan-gold nanoparticles film and its application in glucose biosensor,” Bioelectrochemistry, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 342–347, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. K. Katti, V. Kattumuri, S. Bhaskaran, K. V. Katti, and R. Kannan, “Facile and general method for synthesis of sugar coated gold nanoparticles,” International Journal of Green Nanotechnology: Biomedicine, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. B53–B59, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. D. Badwaik, L. M. Vangala, S. P., C. B. W. Dillon et al., “Size-dependent antimicrobial properties of sugar-encapsulated gold nanoparticles synthesized by a green method,” Nanoscale Research Letters, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 623, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Engelbrekt, K. H. Sørensen, J. Zhang, A. C. Welinder, P. S. Jensen, and J. Ulstrup, “Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles with starch–glucose and application in bioelectrochemistry,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 19, no. 42, pp. 7839–7847, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Basu, R. Bhattacharya, and P. Mukherjee, “Protein-mediated autoreduction of gold salts to gold nanoparticles,” Biomedical Materials (Bristol, England), vol. 3, no. 3, Article ID 034105, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Ravindra, “Protein-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles,” Materials Science and Engineering B, vol. 2, no. 163, pp. 93–98, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Yuan, C. G. Khoury, H. Hwang, G. A. G. Wilson, and T. Vo-Dinh, “Gold nanostars: surfactant-free synthesis, 3D modelling, and two-photon photoluminescence imaging,” Nanotechnology, vol. 23, no. 7, Article ID 075102, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. M. Kemp, A. Kumar, S. Mousa et al., “Synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles stabilized with glycosaminoglycans having distinctive biological activities,” Biomacromolecules, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 589–595, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. P. Venkatpurwar and V. B. Pokharkar, “Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using therapeutic enzyme: in-vitro and in-vivo efficacy study,” Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 667–674, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. S. Sohn, W. K. Young, I. J. Jung, and W. J. Byung, “DNA-templated preparation of gold nanoparticles,” Molecules, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 8143–8151, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Shao, Y. Jin, and S. Dong, “Synthesis of gold nanoplates by aspartate reduction of gold chloride,” Chemical Communications, no. 9, pp. 1104-1105, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. He and M. W. Urban, “Phospholipid-stabilized Au-Nanoparticles,” Biomacromolecules, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1224-1225, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Mostafavi, A. Zarepour, H. Barabadi, A. Zarrabi, L. B. Truong, and D. Medina-Cruz, “Antineoplastic activity of biogenic silver and gold nanoparticles to combat leukemia: beginning a new era in cancer theragnostic,” Biotechnology Reports, vol. 34, Article ID e00714, 2022.
View at: Google Scholar
S. F. Ahmed, M. Mofijur, N. Rafa et al., “Green approaches in synthesising nanomaterials for environmental nanobioremediation: technological advancements, applications, benefits and challenges,” Environmental Research, vol. 204, Article ID 111967, 2022.
View at: Google Scholar
T. K. Sau, A. Biswas, and P. Ray, “Metal nanoparticles in nanomedicine: advantages and scope,” 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527807093.ch6.
View at: Google Scholar
R. A. Sperling and P. Rivera GilF. ZhangM. ZanellaaW. J. Parak, “Biological applications of gold nanoparticles,” Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 1896–1908, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. F. Lengke, C. Sanpawanitchakit, and S. Gordon, “Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles: a review,” Metal Nanoparticles In Microbiology, Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 37–74, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
P. C. Chen, S. C. Mwakwari, and A. K. Oyelere, “Gold nanoparticles: from nanomedicine to nanosensing,” Nanotechnology, Science and Applications, vol. 1, pp. 45–65, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Piktel, I. Ościłowska, L. Suprewicz et al., “ROS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in ovarian cancer cells treated with peanut-shaped gold nanoparticles,” International Journal of Nanomedicine, vol. 16, p. 1993, 2021.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Bhattacharya, C. R. Patra, R. Verma, S. Kumar, P. R. Greipp, and P. Mukherjee, “Gold nanoparticles inhibit the proliferation of multiple myeloma cells,” Advanced Materials, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 711–716, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. S. Zent, W. J. H. Call, and N. E. Kay, “Update on risk-stratified management for chronic lymphocytic leukemia,” Leukemia and Lymphoma, vol. 47, no. 9, pp. 1738–1746, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. L. Escosura-Muñiz, C. Sánchez-Espinel, B. Díaz-Freitas, Á. González-Fernández, M. Maltez-da Costa, and A. Merkoçi, “Rapid identification and quantification of tumor cells using an electrocatalytic method based on gold nanoparticles,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 81, no. 24, pp. 10268–10274, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Sayed, H. Ivan, X. Huang, and M. A. El-Sayed, “Surface plasmon resonance scattering and absorption of anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles in cancer diagnostics: applications in oral cancer,” Nano Letters, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 829–834, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. N. Slavin, J. Asnis, U. O. Häfeli, and H. Bach, “Metal nanoparticles: understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity,” Journal of Nanobiotechnology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
D. MubarakAli, N. Thajuddin, K. Jeganathan, and M. Gunasekaran, “Plant extract mediated synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity against clinically isolated pathogens,” Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 360–365, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Kuppusamy, M. M. Yusoff, S. J. Ichwan, N. R. Parine, G. P. Maniam, and N. Govindan, “Commelina nudiflora L. edible weed as a novel source for gold nanoparticles synthesis and studies on different physical–chemical and biological properties,” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 27, pp. 59–67, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Norton, “A brief history of potable gold,” Molecular Interventions, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 120–123, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Xiao, F. Patolsky, E. Katz, J. F. Hainfeld, and I. Willner, “‘Plugging into enzymes’: nanowiring of redox enzymes by a gold nanoparticle,” Science (New York, N.Y.), vol. 299, no. 5614, pp. 1877–1881, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Thalappil and Anshup, “Anshup: noble metal nanoparticles for water purification: a critical review,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 517, no. 24, pp. 6441–6478, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Taarning, I. S. Nielsen, K. Egeblad, R. Madsen, H. Claus, and H. Christensen, “Chemicals from renewables: aerobic oxidation of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural over gold catalysts,” ChemSusChem, vol. 1, no. 1-2, pp. 75–78, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. T. Thompson, “Using gold nanoparticles for catalysis,” Nano Today, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 40–43, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Carregal, J. Susana, P. Hervés, M. Luis, L. Marzán, and M. Paul, “Colloidal gold-catalyzed reduction of ferrocyanate (III) by borohydride ions: a model system for redox catalysis,” Langmuir, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 1271–1277, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Kumar, K. Smita, and L. Cumbal, “Phytosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using andean ajı′ (capsicum baccatum L.)” edited by A. M. Z. Slawin,” Cogent Chemistry, vol. 1, no. 1, Article ID 1120982, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Nasrollahzadeh and S. Mohammad Sajadi, “Preparation of Au nanoparticles by Anthemis xylopoda flowers aqueous extract and their application for alkyne/aldehyde/amine A3-type coupling reactions,” RSC Advances, vol. 5, no. 57, pp. 46240–46246, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Arpita Roy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1823

Downloads

910

Citations