Low-Frequency Low-Intensity Ultrasounds Do Not Influence the Survival and Immune Functions of Cultured Keratinocytes and Dendritic Cells

Figure 4

Chemokine and cytokine release by keratinocytes treated with US at 42 KHz and 0.15 W/cm². CXCL10 (a), CCL2 (b), CXCL8 (c), IL-6 (d), and TNF-𝛼 (e). Concentrations were estimated by ELISA in supernatants of keratinocyte cultures treated with US or left untreated. Soluble factor contents were also measured in supernatants of cells treated with IFN-𝛾 alone or with IFN-𝛾 plus TNF-𝛼. Data are expressed as mean nanograms or picograms per 10⁶ cells ± SD of triplicate cultures.

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