Review Article
Biomarkers for Lupus Nephritis: A Critical Appraisal
Table 3
Biomarkers that correlate with histological findings in lupus nephritis.
| Authors, year | Biomarkers studied | Main findings |
| Oates et al., 2008 [83] | Serum nitrate and nitrite levels | Serum nitrate plus nitrite levels associated with SLE disease activity score; higher nitrate/nitrite levels associated with histological proliferative renal lesions | Marks et al., 2008 [84] | Glomerular MCP-1 expression | Glomerular monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression higher in class III and class IV than other classes of lupus nephritis | Nakayamada et al., 2007 [85] | 1-integrin (CD29) expression on T cells | CD29 expression on T cells upregulated in active SLE, especially in active diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis | Avihingsanon et al., 2006 [86] | Chemokine and growth factor mRNA levels in urinary sediments | Urine interferon-producing protein 10 (IP-10), CXCR3, TGF-, and VEGF mRNA levels associated with class IV lupus nephritis | do Nascimento et al., 2006 [87] | Antiribosomal P antibody | Frequency of antiribosomal P antibody higher in class V than other classes of lupus nephritis | Oates et al., 2005 [88] | Urine glycoprotein panel | An urinary glycoprotein panel may help to differentiate different histological classes of lupus nephritis |
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