Biomarkers for Lupus Nephritis: A Critical Appraisal

Table 4

Biomarkers that correlate with prognosis in lupus nephritis.

Authors, year	Biomarkers studied	Main findings
Izmirly et al., 2009 [89]	mEPCR expression on renal biopsy	Membrane expression of endothelial protein C receptor (mEPCR) in the renal microvasculature in lupus nephritis associated with poor therapeutic response
Avihingsanon et al., 2009 [90]	VEGF expression	Intrarenal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA expression predicted the deterioration of renal function in lupus nephritis
Marks et al., 2008 [84]	Glomerular MCP-1 expression	Glomerular monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression associated with poor renal prognosis in pediatric lupus nephritis
Oates et al., 2008 [83]	Serum nitrate and nitrite levels	Higher serum nitrate plus nitrite levels associated with renal damage and treatment failure in lupus nephritis
Martinez-Lostao et al., 2007 [91]	STAT-1 expression on renal biopsy	Expression of STAT-1 in renal tissues associated with worse renal function and outcome in class IV lupus nephritis
Avihingsanon et al., 2006 [86]	Chemokine and growth factor mRNA levels in urinary sediments	Persistent elevation or increase of urine interferon-producing protein 10 (IP-10), CXCR3, TGF-𝛽, and VEGF mRNA levels associated with treatment failure in lupus nephritis