Schistosome: Its Benefit and Harm in Patients Suffering from Concomitant Diseases

Table 1

Suppressive effects of schistosome on experimental allergy and autoimmunity in rodents.

Category of animal models	Diseases	Schistosome	Treatment	Proposed mechanisms	Refs
Allergy	Asthma/Airway hypersensitivity or inflammation	Sm	Infection (male)	IL-5 ↓, IL-10↑	[20]
			Infection, Egg i.p.	IL-4 ↓, IL-5 ↓, IgE ↓, Treg↑, Independent of IL-10	[18]
			Infection (chronic)	B cells and CD4^+ T cells, Dependent on IL-10	[17]
			Infection and Adoptive transfer	IL-10-producing CD1d^high B cells → Treg↑	[15]
			Sm22.6, PIII	IL-4 ↓, IL-5 ↓,　  IgE ↓, Treg ↑, independent of IL-10	[19]
		Sj	Infection (male, mixed)	IL-4 ↓, IL-5 ↓, IgE ↓, IL-10 ↑	[21]
			Infection and adoptive transfer	DC → IL-4 ↓, IL-5 ↓, IL-10 ↑	[22]
		Sj	SEA, Eggs (i.p., p.o.)	Treg↑	[23]
	Systemic anaphylaxis	Sm	Infection	IL-10-producing B cell	[16]
Autoimmunity	Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA)	Sm	Infection	IL-17 ↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6 ↓, RANKL ↓, anticollagen IgG ↓	[24]
		Sj	Infection	IL-4 ↑, anticollagen IgG ↓	[25]
	Adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA)	Sj	Sj16 i.p.	TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, NO ↓, IL-10 ↑	[26]
	Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)	Sm	Infection	IL-12p40 ↓,  IFN-γ↓, TNF-α↓, IL-4 ↑	[27]
			Egg i.p.	IFN-γ↓, IL-4 ↑, TGF-β ↑, IL-10 ↑, dependent on STAT6	[28]
		Sj	SEA i.p.	IFN-γ↓, IL-4 ↑	[29]
	Type 1 diabetes in NOD mice	Sm	Infection, Egg i.p.	Inhibition of Ab class switch (anti-insulin IgG ↓)	[30]
			SEA, SWA i.p.	NKT ↑	[31]
			SEA i.p.	Treg ↑	[32]
	Streptozotocin-induced diabetes (multiple low dose)	Sm	Infection		[33]
	TNBS-induced colitis	Sm	Infection	IL-2 ↑, IL-4 ↑	[34]
			Egg i.p.	IFN-γ↓, IL-4 ↑, dependent on STAT6	[35]
			SWA i.p.	IFN-γ↓, IL-17 ↓, TGF-β ↑, IL-10 ↑	[36]
		Sj	Egg i.p.	IFN-γ↓, IL-4 ↑, IL-10 ↑, Treg ↑	[37]
			Egg i.p.	IFN-γ↓, IL-4 ↑, TLR4 ↓	[38]
	DSS-induced colitis	Sm	Infection (male)	Dependent on macrophages, independent of Treg, IL-10, IL-4, IL-13 and TGF-β	[39]
			Infection	TNF-α↓	[40]
	Grave's hyperthyroidism	Sm	Infection	Anti-TSHR IgG2a ↓	[41]

↓: down-regulation, ↑: up-regulation, Sm: S. mansoni, Sj: S. japonicum.