The Combined Effect of Electrical Stimulation and High-Load Isometric Contraction on Protein Degradation Pathways in Muscle Atrophy Induced by Hindlimb Unloading

Table 1

Body weight (g), wet weight (mg) of the tibialis anterior muscle, and ratio of wet weight to body weight (mg/g).

	Cont	HU	ES	ES + IM
Body weight, g	308 ± 3	246 ± 5*	238 ± 3*	238 ± 3*
Muscle wet weight, mg	539 ± 6	418 ± 4*	429 ± 12*	478 ± 12^*†‡
Muscle wet weight to body ratio, mg/g	1.74 ± 0.02	1.70 ± 0.02	1.79 ± 0.03	2.00 ± 0.02^*†‡

Values are the mean ± SEM. Cont: control group (𝑛=14); HU: hindlimb unloading for 14 days group (𝑛=14); ES: hindlimb unloading plus electrical stimulation group (𝑛=7); ES + IM: hindlimb unloading plus the combination of electrical stimulation and isometric contraction group (𝑛=7). *, ^†, and ^‡ are significantly different from the Cont, HU, and ES groups, respectively, at P < 0.05.