Morphological and Molecular Alterations in 1,2 Dimethylhydrazine and Azoxymethane Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats

Table 2

Frequencies of gene mutations found in biomarkers and different stages of colon carcinogenesis in the DMH/AOM rat model.

Gene	ACF/MDF (n)	Histologic diagnosis (n)	Tumours (n)	Adenomas (n)	Carcinomas (n)	Carcinogen	Ref.
Apc	0% ACF (66)	—	14.3% (27)	(17)	(10)	AOM	[58]
	—	22.2% dysplasia (18)	—	—	—	DMH	[59]
		15.4% AC (13)
	—	—	8.8% (57)	—	—	DMH	[60]
	0% ACF (24)	—	30.4% (23)	33.3% (12),	27.3% (11)	DMH	[48]
	25% MDF (24)
β-catenin	—	—	—	—	75% (8)	AOM	[63]
	15.4% ACF (13)	0% hyperplasia (10)	68.8% (32)	33% (6)	77% (26)	AOM	[62]
		66% dysplasia (3)
	20% ACF (15)	67% BCAC (15)	—	—	—	AOM	[35]
	—	—	32.4% (68)	—	—	AOM	[68]
	—	—	37% (119)	—	—	DMH	[60]
	7% ACF (27)	—	40% (15)	—	—	DMH	[46]
	25% MDF (28)
K-ras	—	—	—	—	66% (44)	DMH	[69]
	32% ACF (19)	—	—	—	AC?	AOM	[70]
	7.4% ACF (27)	—	22% (50)	4.3% (23),	37% (27)	AOM	[65]
	—	—	—	—	60%	DMHAOM	[66]
	53.8% ACF (13)	70% hyperplasia (10)	25% (28)	0% (2) small	8% (12) small	AOM	[77]
		0% dysplasia (3)			43% (14) large
	—	—	16.7% (30)	9% (22)	37.5% (8)	AOM	[67]
	—	—	58% (43)	60% (10)	58% (33)	DMH	[78]
	—	—	16.7% (84)	—	—	AOM	[68]
	27% ACF (6/22)	—	—	—	—	AOM	[79]
	100% ACF (14)	—	5.5% (18)	11% (9) small	0% (9) small	DMH	[47]
	23% MDF (13)
P53	—	—	—	—	0% (20)	AOM	[73]
	—	—	—	—	0% (10)	MAM	[72]
	—	0% (31)	—	—	—	DMH	[59]

Number in parenthesis denotes the total number of colon lesions analyzed. MSI, microsatellite instability; ACF, aberrant crypt foci; MDF, mucin depleted foci; BCAC, β-catenin accumulated crypts; AC, adenocarcinoma in situ; —: not reported.