Animal Models of Cardiovascular Diseases

Table 4

Current procedures for inducing heart damage in animals.

Species	Heart failure models
Murine	Myocardial damage; Chemical: isoproterenol administration [106].; Electrical: overlapping burns [107].; Surgical: coronary artery ligation [105].
	Ischemia Reperfusion: Transient occlusion of the left coronary artery [108].
	Cryoinfarction: cryo-injuries to the epicardium [109].
	Pressure overload: aortic constriction and banding. Aortic stenosis [110, 111].
	Transgenic models of dilated cardiomyopathy: mutation of cardiac α-actin protein [112].
Rabbit	Spontaneous: WHHLMI rabbits [113].
	Coronary artery occlusion: similar to the murine model, also applicable to the carotid artery. This is an excellent model for testing endovascular therapies [114].
	Pressure overload: aortic banding [115], valvular stenosis [116].
Dog	Microembolization [117].
	Tachycardia: ventricular pacing [118].
	Aortic stenosis [119].
Pig	Surgical model: balloon occlusion of coronary arteries [120].
	Tachycardia: pacing-induced supraventricular tachycardia [121].