Computational Vaccinology: An Important Strategy to Discover New Potential S. mansoni Vaccine Candidates

Table 2

Other S. mansoni tegument membrane proteins evaluated as vaccine targets.

Candidate	Vaccine type	Immunologic response	Humoral response	Eggs reduction	Worms reduction	Bioinformatic tool	Ref.
Glutathione peroxidase	DNA prime-vaccinia virus boost	ND	ND	ND	85%	ND	[36]
Sm21.7	Recombinant protein	ND	ND	ND	41–70%	ND	[37]
Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase	DNA vaccine	ND	ND	ND	44–60%	ND	[36]
Filamin	DNA vaccine	Th1/Th2^a,b	IgG, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG1	ND	44–57%	ND	[38]
Sm fimbrin + Sm 21.7	Multivalent DNA vaccine	ND	IgG	41.5% (liver) 55.6% (intestine)	56%	ND	[39]
Sm-p80	DNA vaccine (VR1020)	Th1/Th17^b	IgG	ND	47%	ND	[40]
Sm 23	DNA vaccine	ND	IgG	ND	44%	ND	[41, 42]
Sm 21.7	DNA vaccine	ND	IgG	62% (liver) 67% (intestine)	41.53%	ND	[43]
Fimbrin	Recombinant protein	ND	ND	ND	39.4–41.6%	Sequenase version 2.0, PC/GENE 15.0	[44]
Sm 22.6	Recombinant protein	Th1/Th2^a,b	IgG, IgG1 IgG2a	ND	34.5%	BLAST	[45]
TSP-1	Recombinant protein	ND	IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a	52% (liver) 69% (feces)	34%	BLAST	[19, 32]
Stomatin Like Protein-2	Recombinant protein	Th1	IgG, IgG1 > IgG2a	No significative difference with control group	30–32%	BLAST and PSI BLAST, Pfam SPFH/Band 7 domains, SignalP 3.0, TMHMM, CSS-Palm, MitoProt program, Compute pI/Mw, ClustalX 1.83, TreeView program	[29]
Sm 20.8	DNA vaccine	ND	ND	ND	28.5–30.8%	ND	[46]
Sm28GST	DNA vaccine +plasmid containing IL-18	Th1^a	IgG*	29.6% (liver) 27.5% (intestine)	22.6%	ND	[47]
Dif 5	DNA vaccine	ND	ND	ND	22%	BLASTX, Gene Ontology Consortium Website, SMART, SignalP, TMHMM, and bigPI Predictor	[48]
SmIg	Recombinant protein	Th1/Th2^a,b	IgG	ND	No significative difference with control group	ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System), SignalP 3.0, SOSUI, NetNGlyc 1.0, YinOYang, BLAST, INterPro Scan	[49]
Sm21.6	Recombinant protein	Th1/Th2^b	IgG, IgG1 > IgG2	ND	No significative difference with control group	BLAST, Pfam program, Syfpeith, Expasy, Compute pI/Mw tool, SignalP 3.0, YinOYang, TMHMM	[50]

ND: not determined; *no differences when compared with the group containing just the plasmid with Sm28. ^aAntibody, ^bcytokines. All antigens were tested in mice.