The Role of Synthetic Biology in the Design of Microbial Cell Factories for Biofuel Production

Figure 4

Redesigned pathways for microbial production of ethanol from carbohydrates. The dashed lines indicate multiple steps. Abbreviations: ADH: alcohol dehydrogenase; AR: aldose reductase; ARAA: L-arabinose isomerase; ARAB: L-ribulokinase; ARAD: L-ribulose-5-P-4-epimerase; FDH: formate dehydrogenase; FHL: formate hydrogen lyase; LAD: L-arabitol 4-dehydrogenase; LXR1: L-xylulose reductase; PDC: pyruvate decarboxylase; PDH: pyruvate dehydrogenase; PFL: pyruvate formate lyase; XDH: xylitol dehydrogenase; XR: xylose reductase; XYLA: xylose isomerase; XYLB: xylulokinase.