Metabolomic Profiling for Identification of Novel Potential Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases

Table 1

Compilation of the metabolomic studies in cardiovascular field, including candidate biomarkers.

Pathology (Patients no.)	Metabolite	Body fluid/tissue	Analytical technique	Replication	Reference
NSTACS (9), stable atherosclerosis (10), healthy (10)	4-hydroxyproline	Plasma	GC-MS	—	[36]
CAD (15), no CAD (14)	17 polypeptides (CAD pattern) Collagen α1 (I,III)	Urine, Plasma	CE-MS	Test set: CAD (26), no CAD (12)	[37]
PMI (20), control (16); SMI (12), control (9)	Aconitic acid, hypoxanthine, trimethylamine N-oxide, threonine	Plasma	LC-MS	Validation: PMI (16)	[41]
High-fat diet (9), common-diet (9) rats	12 altered in plasma, 8 altered in urine (atherosclerotic rats)	Urine, Plasma	LC-MS	—	[42]
Atherosclerosis (9), healthy (10)	24 altered metabolites (insulin resistance)	Plasma	NMR, GC-MS	—	[45]
CAD (12), LVD (10), control (17)	Acetylcarnitine, 3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine	Plasma	FI-MS	—	[46]
Initial: CAD (174), control (174); Replication: CAD (140), control (140)	Dicarboxyl acylcarnitines	Plasma	GC-MS	Event replication: CAD (63), control (66)	[49]
Inducible ischemia (18), control (18)	Citric acid pathway	Plasma	LC-MS	—	[52]
Persistent AF: AF (8), SR (8); Post-operative AF: SR-AF (18), SR (19)	β-hydroxybutyrate, ketogenic amino acids, glycine	Atrial tissue	NMR	—	[50]
Apo E^-/- mice captroil treated (8), untreated (8)	Allantoin (drug treatment) Xanthine, ascorbate; (plaque formation)	Urine	NMR	—	[22]

CAD: coronary artery disease, PMI: planned myocardial infarction, SMI: spontaneous myocardial infarction, LVD: left ventricular dysfunction, FI: flow injection, AF: atrial fibrillation, SR: sinus rhythm. Numbers in brackets correspond to number of assayed individuals (or animals if so specified).