Review Article
Autophagic and Apoptotic Effects of HDAC Inhibitors on Cancer Cells
Table 2
Characteristic features of programmed cell death.
| Programmed cell death (PCD) | Feature | Key regulators | Measurements |
| Apoptosis (type I PCD) | Chromatin condensation | Caspases | Caspase activation | DNA laddering | Cytochrome c | DNA fragmentation | Blebbing (nuclear, cytoplasmic) Apoptotic bodies | Bcl-2 family members | Annexin V |
| Autophagy (type II PCD) | Blebbing | Autophagy. genes: beclin, LC3, Atg1, Atg5, and Atg7 | LC3 localization | Autophagic vesicles | Degradation of Golgi | Autophagic vesicles | No DNA laddering |
| Necrosis (type III PCD) | Swollen organelles | RIPK1, TRAF2, PARP, and Calpains | Extracellular HMGB1 | Random DNA degradation | Cytoplasmic membrane rupture | S100 family members | Potent inflammatory response |
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