Enzymatic Synthesis of Ampicillin: Nonlinear Modeling, Kinetics Estimation, and Adaptive Control

Figure 1

Pseudo bond graph model of the fed-batch prototype bioprocess. The directions of half arrows correspond to the run of the reaction, from the substrate 𝑆 towards biomass 𝑋. The mass balances are represented by two 0-junctions: 0_1,2,3,4 (for 𝑆), and 0_7,8,9 (for 𝑋). Mass flows of entering/exiting components are modeled using modulated source flows Sf. The reaction rate is modeled by a modulated two port R element, denoted MR_5,6. 𝐹_in is the input feed rate (l/h) and 𝑉 the bioreactor volume (l).