| GEM model | Background (breeder) | Age gender N | MS | MW of DSS | DSS treatment | End | S | Ref |
| TLR2−/− | | | | | | | | | TLR4−/− | | | | | | | | | TLR2/4−/− | C57BL/10ScSn | –12 | nr | 40 kDa | 3.5% for 7 days | Day 8 | ↑ | [53] |
| | | 5–8 wks | | | | | | | TLR4−/− | C57BL/6J | Male, female | | | 2.5% for 5 days | Day 5 | | | MyD88−/− | (Jax) | -6 | nr | 36–50 kDa | 2.5% for 5/7 days | Day 12/14 | ↑ | [54] |
| TLR2−/− | | | | | | | | | TLR4−/− | F2 | | | | | | | | MyD88−/− | 129/SvJ × C57BL/6 | | SPF | 40 kDa | 2% for 7 days | Day 0–28 | ↑ | [33] |
| | | 8 wks | | | | | | | | | Male | | | 1.2% for 8 days | | | | MyD88−/− | nr | | SPF | 50 kDa | 2.5% for 8 days | Day 8 | ↑ | [55] |
| | | 10 wks | | | | | | | | C57BL/6 | Male | | | | | | [56, 57] | IL-18Tg | (nr) | | SPF | 50 kDa | 2% for 8 days | Day 12 | ↑ | |
| | | | | | 3 cycles of | | | | | C57BL/6 | 7–9 wks | | | 2% for 5 days + | Day 5 | | | IL-15−/− | (Taconic) | | nr | 36–50 kDa | 5 days of water | Day 25 | ↓ | [58] |
| | C57BL/6J | Male, female | | | | | | | TNF-α −/− | (Shimizu, Japan) | | nr | 8 kDa | 4.5% for 7 days | Day 7 | ↑ | [51] |
| | | 8–10 wks | | | | | | | | | Male | | | | | | | MRP1−/− | FVB | | SC | 40 kDa | 3% for 7days | Day 7 | ↑ | [59] |
| | C57BL/6 | 8-9 wks | | | | Day 4, 7 | | | Mtgr1−/− | (nr) | Male, female | nr | 40–50 kDa | 3% for 4days | Wk 6, 10 | ↑ | [60] |
| | | 7-8 wks | | | | | | | | C57BL/6 | Male, female | | | 3% for 5 days | | | | SOCS-1+/− | (nr) | | SPF | 36–50 kDa | (4% for 7 days) | Day 14 | ↑ | [61] |
| | | | | | 5 cycles of | | | | | C57BL/6J | 8–12 wk | | | 2% for 7 days + | | | | IRF-1−/− | (Jax) | | nr | 40 kDa | 7 days of water | Wk 10 | ↑ | [62] |
| | | 8–10 wk | | | | | | | | | Female | | | | | | | PPARγ ΔIEpC | nr | | nr | 35–40 kDa | 2.5% for 7 days | Day 7 | ↑ | [63] |
| | C57BL/6J | | | | | | | | PPARγ ΔCD4+ | (nr) | | nr | 36–44 kDa | 2.5% for 7 days | Day 0,2,7 | ↑ | [64] |
| | C57BL/6 | | | | | | | | TPH1−/− | (Taconic) | | nr | 40 kDa | 5% for 5 days | Day 5 | ↓ | [65] |
| Bk2R−/− | C57BL/6 | 8–12 wk | | | | | ns | | C3−/− | (Jax) | | nr | 36–40 kDa | 3% for 10 days | Day 10 | ↓ | [45] |
| | C57BL/6 | Male, female | | | | | | | iNOS−/− | (Jax) | | nr | 40 kDa | 2.5% for 9 days | Day 3,9 | ↓ | [49, 50] |
| eNOS−/− | | | | | | | ↓ | | nNOS−/− | 129/Sv × C57BL/6 | Male, female | | | | | ↑ | | e/nNOS−/− | (Jax) | | nr | 40 kDa | 2.5% for 9 days | Day 3,9 | ns | [49] |
| | | 5–10 wks | | | | | | | | C57BL/6 | Female | | | | | | | APN−/− | (nr) | –7 | nr | 40 kDa | 2% for 5 days | Day 5,10 | ↓ | [66] |
| | | 8–10 wks | | | | | | | | C57BL/6J | Male | | | | | | | APN−/− | (Clea Japan) | | SPF | 36–50 kDa | 0.5% for 15 days | Day 15 | ↑ | [67] |
| VhlΔF/F | | | | | | Day 5 | ↑ | | Hif-1α ΔF/F | | 6–8 wk | | | 2.5% or 5% for | 1 year | ns | | ArntΔF/F | nr | nr | nr | 35–40 kDa | 5 days | | ns | [68] |
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GEM: genetically engineered mice, : number of mice pre group, MS: microbiological state, MW: molecular weight, S: susceptibility to DSS in comparison to wild-type mice (mice of the same strain without deletion), ↓: significantly lower, SFP: specific pathogen-free conditions, SC: standard conditions, ns: nonsignificant, nr: not reported, ↑: significantly higher, wk: week, TLR: toll-like receptor, MyD88: myeloid differential protein, IL: interleukine, MRP: multi drug resistant protein, Mtgr: myeloid translocation gene related-1, SOCS: suppressor of cytokine signaling, IRF: Interferon regulatory factor, PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, TPH: tryptophan hydroxylase, Bk2R: bradykinin type 2 receptor, C3: complement, APN: adiponectine, Vhl: von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein, Hif: hypoxia-inducible factor, Arnt: aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator.
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