Generation of Biotechnology-Derived Flavobacterium columnare Ghosts by PhiX174 Gene E-Mediated Inactivation and the Potential as Vaccine Candidates against Infection in Grass Carp

Table 1

Cumulative percent mortality (CPM) and relative percent survival (RPS) of grass carp following F. columnare G4 strain challenge at 50 days after primary immunization.

group	Number of fish challenged	Mean CPM ± SD (%)	RPS (%)
FCG	120	28.3±5.0^a	70.9
FKC	120	56.7±8.0^b	41.9
PBS	120	97.5±2.5^c

FCG, F. columnare G4cpN22 ghosts; FKC, formalin-killed cells. Values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference at 𝑃<0.05.