SMC and ECs from bovine aorta/pulsatile perfusion system in a bioreactor with supplemented medium
(1) the gross appearance of the vessels was identical to that of native arteries (2) SMCs migrated inward to envelop PGA
fragments in the vessel wall, resulting in a smooth luminal surface onto which bovine aortic endothelial cells were easily seeded
(3) the bioreactor system increased the vessel wall thickness and suture retention strengths, as well as influenced the vessel’s contraction
(4) four weeks after implantation, autologous explants showed highly organized structure and minimal inflammation
(1) human umbilical-vein EC (HUVEC) within mixed fibronectin-collagen 3D gels induced tube formation (2) remarkable inosculation of these preformed (HUVEC and gel) networks with the circulatory system of SCD mice (3) overexpression of Bcl-2 in HUVEC resulted to the formation of perfused vascular structures invested by mouse pericyte and smooth-muscle cells that remodel into mature vessels
in vitro in vivo in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)/mice
EPC from human umbilical cord were used to generate EPC-derived EC
(1) EPC-derived EC can be expanded in vitro and preserved endothelial phenotype after seeding (2) EPC-derived EC seeded with human smooth muscle cells form microvessels on porous PGA-PLLA scaffolds (3) functional microvessels were evident 7–10 days after implantation into mice
(1) SMCs were uniformly distributed throughout EDC/NHS crosslinked collagen/elastin construct (2) collagen fibers were oriented to circumferential direction
Rabbit Smooth muscle cells by employing industrial knitting process and thermally-induced phase-separation techniques
(1) chitosan scaffold showed proper swelling property and high suture retention (2) burst strength of the scaffold is 4000 mmHg (3) scaffold degraded after 2 months (4) SMCs were well grown and distributed in the scaffold
(1) BaSMCs were distributed throughout the scaffolds and synthesized ECM (2) BaSMC-seeded constructs provided suitable surfaces for BaEPC adhesion (3) cells maintained their specific phenotypes
(1) elastic vessel wall was formed after 8 weeks of dynamic engineering. (2) histological examination showed well-orientated smooth muscle cells and collagenous fibers
3D collagen/fibro-nectin gels supported by a nonwoven, degradable PGA (polyglycolic acid) matrix
HUVECs, EC and SMC
(1) after transplantation PGA-supported gels, Bcl-2-HUVEC retained the ability to form microvessels invested by mouse SMC. (2) grafts containing both Bcl-2-HUVEC and HASMC displayed greater numbers of smooth muscle actinin expressing cells associated with human EC-lined arteriole-like microvessels (3) SMC can accelerate, stabilize, and promote remodeling of tissue engineered microvessels (4) EC-SMC coengraftment and cotransplantation in PGA-supported protein gels may have broader application for perfusing bioengineered tissues
in vitro in vivo in severe combined immune-deficient (SCID)/mice
SMC derived from hASCs/pulsatile stimulation from a Bioreactor, TGF-β1, BMP-4
(1) hASCs acquired SMC phenotype with SMC- related markers expression (2) under pulsatile stimulation, hASCs can be SMC cell source with biomechanical strength matchable to the native vessels
ESCs stimulated with retinoic acid with LacZ genetic labeling under SMC alpha promoter
(1) RA enhanced SMC gene expression while inhibiting pluripotency of ESC (2) implanted cells in mice maintained LacZ staining within the construct without teratoma formation (3) ESC-promising source of SMC for therapeutic vascular engineering and disease model application
Biotubular scaffold composed of polyglycolide knitted fiber, and an L-lactide and -caprolactone copolymer sponge crosslinked to Amniotic Fluid
Amniotic Fluid
(1) well-formed vasculature without stenosis or thrombosis, and calcification (2) cell-free vasculature with good quality and adaptation in shape (3) applicable to pediatric surgery (4) the use of Amniotic Fluid shortened EBV fabrication
in vitro in vivo in the inferior vena cava of Canines
Tissue engineered blood vessel from amniotic membrane
Amniotic membrane (AM) as the natural membrane, endothelial cells/physiological shear stress (SS)
(1) shear stress application maintained the intact monolayer of EC in the vessel’s lumen (2) endothelial cells (ECs) are aligned in long axis parallel to the blood flow (3) shear stress also increased PECAM-1 and E-cadherin and integrin α γβ3 expressions (4) amniotic fluid tube reduced the TEBV fabrication through sheet-based engineering
