Emerging Therapeutic Biomarkers in Endometrial Cancer

Figure 1

Therapeutic molecular targets for endometrial cancer. Type I endometrial cancer (EC) frequently exhibits altered PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR signal pathway, whereas type II EC frequently shows mutations in p53 and HER-2 overexpression. The upregulation of EGFR and VEGF, dysregulated microRNAs, and activation of cancer stem cell (CSC)/epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programs are involved in oncogenesis and progression of both cancer types. Currently, clinical trials assessing the efficacy of mTOR inhibitor, EGFR/HER2 inhibitor, and antiangiogenic agent for EC have been conducted and demonstrated modest effects.