Early Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease Pathology in Urban Children: Friend versus Foe Responses—It Is Time to Face the Evidence
Figure 5
(a) Medial superior olive neurons from an 11 year old MCMA girl exhibit strong positivity for 8-hydroxyguanosine indicative of oxidative stress. 8-OHdG immunohistochemistry DAB brown product. (b) Substantia nigrae, pars compacta in a 17 y old Control teen. The section has been stained for the ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1). There are very few positive cells. IBA-1 antibody with red product. (c) In contrast, this is the substantia nigrae, pars compacta in a 14 y old MCMA teen stained for IBA-1. Numerous positive cells are seen among the pigmented neurons and in perivascular locations. IBA-1 antibody with red product. (d) The same child has numerous positive IBA-1 activated microglia in her vestibular nuclei. IBA-1 antibody with brown product. (e) Same child as previous picture. Positive IBA-1 activated microglia in her dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. IBA-1 antibody with brown product. (f) Reactive astrocytes are part of the response of glial cells to cell damage. Reactive astrocytes positive for GFAP surround the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus neurons in this MCMA teen. GFAP with DAB brown product. (f) The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus displays positive α synuclein neurons in the same child as 5F. α-Synuclein with red product. (h) The substantia nigrae is an early target in highly exposed teens. In this 11 y old girl there are partially degranulated pigmented neurons with a few macrophages containing the pigmented granules. An elongated microglia-like cell contains such brown granules in the vicinity of a neuronal shadow. H&E. (i) Substantia nigrae pigmented neuron is positive for alpha-synuclein in this 14 y old MCMA girl. α-Synuclein with red product.
