Risks for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension Are Increased in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Table 1

Comparison of pregnancy outcome between PCOS and control groups by means of conception.

Group	Twins n (%)	GDM n (%)	PIH n (%)	PD n (%)	FGR n (%)	LGA n (%)
Controls (𝑛=594)	2 (0.3)	85 (14.3)	19 (3.2)	31 (5.2)	9 (1.5)	71 (12.0)
PCOS (𝑛=144)	29^a (20.1)	79^a (54.9)	15^a (10.4)	27^a (18.8)	13^a (9.0)	17 (11.8)
Spontaneous conception (𝑛=68)	2 (2.9)	35^a (51.5)	8^b (11.8)	7 (10.3)	1 (1.5)	10 (14.7)
IVF-ET (𝑛=44)	17^ad (38.6)	20^a (45.5)	4 (9.1)	11^af (25)	6^af (13.6)	5 (11.4)
Ovarian stimulation (𝑛=32)	10^ad (31.3)	16^b (50.0)	3 (9.4)	9^af (28.1)	6^ae (18.8)	2 (6.3)
OR1 (95% CI)	52.2 (12.4, 219.7)	2.9 (2.0, 4.1)	2.2 (1.1, 4.4)	2.5 (1.5, 4.4)	0.4 (0.2, 0.7)	1.8 (0.6, 5.2)
OR2 (95% CI)	6.0 (0.8, 43.4)	3.2 (2.0, 5.2)	2.6 (1.1, 6.2)	1.4 (0.9, 3.2)	0.1 (0.01, 0.5)	3.4 (1.1, 10.4)

FGR: fetal growth restriction; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; LGA: large for gestational age; PD: preterm delivery; PIH: pregnancy-induced hypertension.
^a𝑃<0.001, ^b𝑃<0.01, ^c𝑃<0.05, for all PCOS or PCOS subdivided according to means of conception versus controls.
^d𝑃<0.001, ^e𝑃<0.01, ^f𝑃<0.05, for PCOS conceiving with IVF-ET or ovarian stimulation, versus PCOS conceiving spontaneously.
OR₁: odds ratio for the comparison of the total PCOS group versus controls.
OR₂: odds ratio for the comparison of PCOS with spontaneous conception versus Controls.