Risks for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension Are Increased in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Table 3

Comparison of pregnancy outcomes between PCOS and control group, with the methodology of BMI and age.

Group	GDM n (%)	PIH n (%)	PD n (%)	Twins n (%)	LGA n (%)	FGR n (%)
BMI <24 kg/m^2
PCOS (𝑛=90)	46^a (51.1)	8^c (8.9)	11^cd (12.2)	21^a (23.3)	13 (14.4)	7^a (7.8)
Control (𝑛=566)	82 (14.5)	18 (3.2)	30 (5.3)	2 (0.4)	71 (12.5)	8 (1.4)
OR (95% CI)	5.6 (3.4, 9.0)	3.0 (1.3, 7.1)	2.5 (1.2, 5.2)	85.8 (19.7, 374)	1.2 (0.6, 2.2)	5.9 (2.1, 16.6)
BMI ≥24 kg/m^2
PCOS (𝑛=54)	33^c (61.1)	7 (13.0)	16^b (29.6)	8 (14.8)	4 (7.4)	4 (9.3)
Control (𝑛=28)	9 (32.1)	1 (3.6)	1 (3.6)	0 (0)	2 (7.1)	1 (3.6)
OR (95% CI)	2.9 (1.1, 7.7)	4.0 (0.5, 34.5)	11.4 (1.4, 91.0)		1.0 (0.2, 6.1)	2.2 (0.2, 20.3)
Age ≤30 yrs.
PCOS (𝑛=69)	32^ae (46.4)	4 (5.8)	15^a (21.7)	21^ad (30.4)	6 (8.7)	7^a (10.1)
Control (𝑛=416)	47 (11.3)	13 (3.1)	18 (4.3)	1 (0.2)	47 (11.3)	6 (1.4)
OR (95% CI)	5.7 (3.2, 10.2)	1.9 (0.6, 6.0)	6.1 (2.9, 12.9)	181 (24, 138.0)	0.7 (0.3, 1.8)	7.7 (2.5, 23.7)
Age >30 yrs.
PCOS (𝑛=75)	46^a (61.3)	11^a (14.7)	12^c (16)	8^a (10.7)	11 (14.7)	4 (5.3)
Control (𝑛=178)	37 (20.8)	6 (3.4)	13 (7.3)	1 (0.6)	26 (14.6)	3 (1.7)
OR (95% CI)	6.0 (3.3, 10.9)	4.9 (1.8, 13.9)	2.4 (1.0, 5.6)	21.1 (2.6, 172)	1.0 (0.5, 2.2)	3.3 (0.7, 15.1)

FGR: restriction in fetal growth; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; MS: macrosomia; PIH: pregnancy-induced hypertension; PD: preterm delivery.
^a𝑃<0.001, ^b𝑃<0.01, ^c𝑃<0.05, for PCOS versus respective controls.
^d𝑃<0.01, ^f𝑃<0.05, for PCOS with BMI ≥ 24 kg/m² versus those with BMI < 24 kg/m²; or those PCOS with age > 30 yrs. versus age ≤ 30 yrs.