Genetic Susceptibility to Chagas Disease: An Overview about the Infection and about the Association between Disease and the Immune Response Genes

Table 2

Polymorphisms in cytokines genes and their association with Chagas disease.

Gene/allele/genotype	Population	Clinical form	Association	Reference
TNFA −308, −244, −236 and TNFB	Peru	Infection and CCC	No association	[106]
^bTNF −308A	Mexico	Infection and CCC	Susceptibility	[108]
TNF −308A	Brazil	CCC	No association	[107]
^aTNF −238A	Brazil	Infection	Susceptibility	[109]
^aTNF −1031C and −308A	Colombia	CCC	Susceptibility	[110]
^aTNFA −1031TT and −308GG	Colombia	CCC	Protection	[110]
^aTNFa2, TNFa7, TNFa8, TNFb2, TNFb4, TNFd5, TNFd7, TNFe2	Brazil	CCC, DG, or mixed	Protection	[111]
^aTNFb7 and TNFd3	Brazil	CCC and mixed	Susceptibility	[111]
^aTNFa2	Brazil	CCC	Susceptibility	[112]
^bLTA +80C and LTA +252G	Brazil	CCC	Susceptibility	[113]
^bLTA +80A +252A haplotype	Brazil	CCC	Protection	[113]
IL6 −174GC	Peru/Colombia	Infection	No association	[114]
^bIL −1RN.4CC	Mexico	CCC	Susceptibility	[115]
^bIL1B +5810G allele and; IL1B −31 +395 CT genotype	Colombia	CCC	Susceptibility	[116]
^aIL10 −1082A and −1082AA	Brazil	CCC	Susceptibility	[119]
IL10	Colombia	Infection	No association	[120]
^aIFNG +874A and +874AA	Colombia	Infection	Susceptibility	[122]
^aIL4 −590T	Bolivia	Infection	Protection	[124]
^aIL4RA +148AA		CCC	Susceptibility	[120]
^aTGFB110C and CC	Peru/Colombia	Infection	Susceptibility	[126]
^bIL12B 3 ′ UTR C and CC	Colombia	CCC	Susceptibility	[127]
^aCXCL9CC and CXCL10GG	Brazil	CCC	Protection	[129]
CCR5CC		CCC	Susceptibility	[129]
^a,bCCR5 −2554T, −2733G, 59029G, 59029AG, 59029GG	Peru/Colombia/Venezuela	CCC	Susceptibility	[130–132]
^aCCL2 −2518A and AA	Brazil	CCC	Susceptibility	[133]
^aBAT1 22C 348C	Brazil	CCC	Susceptibility	[134]

^a𝑃 value ≤ 0.05; ^b𝑃_𝑐 value ≤ 0.05.
CCC: chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy; DG: digestive form; mixed: CCC and DG or CCC + DG.