Reduced Cortisol in Boys with Early-Onset Conduct Disorder and Callous-Unemotional Traits
Table 1
Group comparisons.
ā
EO-CD
Healthy controls
ā
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Age (years)
11.9
2.4
12.5
2.7
IQ
97.0*
12.2
110.7*
14.8
Tanner-stage
1.9
1.6
2.3
1.7
Externalizing problemsa
77.1*
6.8
49.3*
8.1
Internalizing problemsa
71.2*
8.6
53.3*
9.5
Hyperactivityb
2.8*
2.6
0.2
0.5
Impulsivityb
2.4*
1.6
0.6
0.1
Callous-unemotional traitsa
66.8*
9.5
48.4*
7.8
Awakening time (hours:min)
07:22
00:29
07:39
01:18
AUC: awakening cortisol (nmol/L*h)
554.9
286.8
622.3
230.1
AUC: diurnal cortisol (nmol/L*h)
2747.2
1643.8
3005.4
1769.0
Group comparisons by means of -test; AUC: area under the curve; EO-CD: early-onset conduct disorder; min: minutes; a-values are indicated; bnumber of fulfilled DSM-IV criteria are indicated; *.