The Investigation of Laparoscopic Instrument Movement Control and Learning Effect

Table 4

Means, standard deviations, and Kruskal-Wallis test results of improvement rate of movement time and throughput.

	Improvement rate of movement time (%)					Improvement rate of throughput (%)
	Level	Mean	StDev	𝐻	𝑃 value	Level	Mean	StDev	𝐻	𝑃 value
Factor	Amplitude	2.705	1.119	0.04	0.979	Amplitude	2.872	1.415	0.04	0.982
	Angle	2.689	2.067			Angle	2.977	2.412
	Magnification	2.761	0.387			Magnification	2.874	0.557