Clinical Study
Is the Blood Pressure Paradox Observed in All Heart Failure Patients?
Table 2
Univariate association between patients characteristics and 6-month HF death in non-diabetic and diabetic decompensated HF patients.
| | | Non-diabetics
HF death
HR (95% CI) | p value | Diabetics
HF death
HR (95% CI) | p value |
| | Clinical characteristics | | | | | | Age (per year) | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 0.08 | 1.02 (0.98–1.05) | 0.36 | | Male sex | 1.38 (0.77–2.48) | 0.28 | 1.36 (0.75–2.45) | 0.31 | | Ischemic aetiology of HF | 1.04 (0.56–1.91) | 0.90 | 1.10 (0.61–1.98) | 0.76 | | Arterial hypertension history | 0.62 (0.34–1.13) | 0.12 | 0.47 (0.23–0.96) | 0.04 | | Atrial fibrillation history | 2.10 (1.14–3.89) | 0.02 | 2.03 (1.11–3.72) | 0.02 | | LVSD versus HFpEF | 1.58 (0.86–2.91) | 0.14 | 1.25 (0.68–2.33) | 0.47 | | NYHA class at admission (IV versus others) | 1.19 (0.68–2.17) | 0.56 | 1.20 (0.64–2.26) | 0.57 | | SBP at admission <115 mmHg | 3.16 (1.76–5.67) | <0.001 | 1.58 (0.84–2.98) | 0.16 | | BMI at admission (per Kg/m2) | 0.94 (0.87–1.01) | 0.08 | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | 0.45 | | Laboratory at discharge | | | | | | Anaemia | 2.37 (1.20–4.69) | 0.01 | 1.81 (0.91–3.58) | 0.09 | | Renal dysfunction | 1.39 (0.75–2.56) | 0.30 | 1.54 (0.85–2.80) | 0.16 | | Hyponatremia | 1.17 (0.60–2.27) | 0.65 | 1.76 (0.94–3.29) | 0.08 | | Total cholesterol <125 mg/dL | 1.79 (0.88–3.62) | 0.10 | 1.98 (1.04–3.80) | 0.04 | | C-reactive protein (per mg/L) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.90 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.80 | | BNP (per 100 pg/mL) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.001 | | Glycosylated haemoglobin (per %) | 0.74 (0.36–1.52) | 0.42 | 1.04 (0.85–1.26) | 0.72 | | Discharge medication | | | | | | Beta-blocker | 0.85 (0.44–1.61) | 0.61 | 0.41 (0.22–0.76) | 0.004 | | ACEi or ARB | 0.35 (0.20–0.64) | 0.001 | 0.41 (0.21–0.78) | 0.002 | | Spironolactone | 0.75 (0.37–1.51) | 0.42 | 0.86 (0.40–1.85) | 0.70 | | Statin | 0.62 (0.34–1.13) | 0.12 | 0.98 (0.51–1.88) | 0.94 | | Antiplatelet drugs | 1.22 (0.66–2.26) | 0.52 | 0.98 (0.49–1.94) | 0.95 |
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ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor 1 blocker, BMI: body mass index; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; CI: confidence interval; HF: heart failure; HFpEF: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HR: hazard ratio; LVSD: left ventricular systolic dysfunction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SBP: systolic blood pressure.
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