Border Malaria Associated with Multidrug Resistance on Thailand-Myanmar and Thailand-Cambodia Borders: Transmission Dynamic, Vulnerability, and Surveillance

Table 1

^aSeroepidemiological data of coinfection of malaria with lymphatic filariasis (LF) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Vulnerable cross-border	LF^c			HIV^d
Myanmar population^b	Positive	Negative	Total	Positive	Negative	Total
Health worker
TBF-positive^e	1	22	23	0	23	23
TBF-negative	1	42	43	0	43	43
Total	𝟐^𝐟	64	66	0	66	66
Non-health worker
TBF-positive^e	0	7	7	1	6	7
TBF-negative	2	12	14	2	12	14
Total	𝟐^𝐟	19	21	𝟑^𝐠	18	21

aData modified from our previously published findings of serological diagnosis of plasma samples of  ^b87 cross-border Myanmars: 66 health workers involved in community health or social services in remotely mountainous pocket villages in Myanmar but based in clinics at refugee camps in Tak-Mae Hong Son border provinces, northwest Thailand, and 21 nonhealth workers who developed malaria-like onset fever and visited clinics or local hospital in Tak and are local border people. All the samples were examined using ^ccirculating filarial antigen detection by commercially available Og4C3 ELISA specific for Wuchereria bancrofti and ^danti-HIV antibody-based ELISA specific for HIV type 1 and/or 2, as described in Bhumiratana et al. [26].
^eUsing standard Giemsa-stained thick blood films (TBF), positive blood samples included infections with either single or mixed falciparum and vivax malaria.
^f,gInfected male adults aged ≤35 years old, as no reporting of coinfection with malaria, LF, and HIV.