Dietary Intake as a Link between Obesity, Systemic Inflammation, and the Assumption of Multiple Cardiovascular and Antidiabetic Drugs in Renal Transplant Recipients
Table 2
Daily energy and nutrient intake of the 3 groups of patients (by BMI category) compared to the recommended daily intake (DRI). NW: normal weight, OW: overweight, OB: obese.
NW
OW
OB
DRI∧
Energy intake (Kcal/day)
1995 ± 282
2126 ± 264
2216 ± 358*
—
Energy intake (Kcal/Kg°/day)
32.9 ± 4.9
33.9 ± 4.0
35.5 ± 6.8
25–30a,c,e,g,h,i
Protein# (% kcal/day)
15.4 ± 1.4
15.7 ± 2.6
15.2 ± 1.0
—
Protein# (g/Kg°/day)
1.27 ± 0.2
1.32 ± 0.2
1.38 ± 0.2
0.8–1.0a,c,e,g,h,i
(g/Kg°)
1.20 ± 0.2
1.25 ± 0.2
1.29 ± 0.3
—
Carbohydrates (% kcal/day)
53.8 ± 4.2
50.3 ± 6.1*
51.6 ± 4.7
50–60d,e,h,i
Total Fat (% kcal)
28.9 ± 3.4
31.9 ± 6.5**
31.3 ± 2.8*
25–35a,b,c,d,e,g,i; <30h;
Saturated fat (% kcal/day)
7.8 ± 1.3
8.9 ± 1.9*
8.2 ± 1.3
<7a,d,i; <8c; <10g,h
Monounsaturated fat (% kcal/day)
16.1 ± 2.1
17.5 ± 3.5
17.3 ± 1.9
>20b,c,d,i; 10–15h
Polyunsaturated fat (% kcal/day)
3.2 ± 0.2
3.6 ± 0.9**
3.7 ± 0.7**
>10b,d,h,i
Omega 3 (% kcal/day)
0.50 ± 0.1
0.57 ± 0.1*
0.52 ± 0.1
—
Omega 3 (g/day)
1.12 ± 0.2
1.34 ± 0.4**
1.27 ± 0.3
2-3c,f
Omega 6 (% kcal/day)
2.67 ± 0.3
3.00 ± 0.9
3.15 ± 0.7*
8–10c
Omega 6 (g/day)
5.94 ± 1.3
7.12 ± 2.5*
7.89 ± 2.7**
10f
Omega 6/Omega 3
5.41 ± 1.3
5.62 ± 2.1
6.38 ± 2.3
1/1 to 4/1j
Fiber (g/day)
21.3 ± 5.9
20.8 ± 5.5
25.1 ± 8.3
20–30b,c,d,h,i
Cholesterol intake (mg/day)
169.5 ± 55.9
185.2 ± 49.1
171.7 ± 76.8
<200b,d; <300h
Food sodium intake# (mg/day)
1750 ± 601
1892 ± 559
2171 ± 671
—
Total NaCl (g/day)
10.3 ± 4.2
11.3 ± 3.4
12.7 ± 3.1
6–8c,e,h; <6d,k
Calcium (mg/day)
663 ± 170
747 ± 207
710 ± 158
800–1500c,g,h
Phosphorus (mg/day)
1112 ± 242
1237 ± 247
1188 ± 212
1200–1500g,h
kg of ideal weight; #estimated by diet record; evaluated by urinary excretion of NaCl or Urea; ∧DRI: dietary reference intakes; * versus NW, ** versus NW.
a[1], b[2], c[3], d[4], e[5], f[6], g[7], h[8], i[9], j[53] k[25].
