Novel Strategies for the Treatment of Chondrosarcomas: Targeting Integrins

Table 1

Regulation of integrin expression in human chondrosarcoma cells.

Groups	Activators	Integrins	Pathway	References
Growth factors	Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)	α5β1	IGF-I receptor/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB	[44]
	Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)	β5	TrkB receptor/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB	[45]
Chemokines	IL-8/CXCL8	αvβ3	CXCR1 and CXCR2/PI3K/Akt/AP-1	[46]
	CXCL12/SDF-1	αvβ3	CXCR4/ERK/NF-κB	[47]
Pro-inflammatory cytokines	TNF-α	αvβ3	MEK/ERK/IKKα/β/NF-κB	[48]
	Leptin	αvβ3	OBR1/IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB	[49]
	Adiponectin	α2β1	AdipoR/AMPK/p38/IKKα/β/NF-κB	[50]
	Macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF)	αvβ3	PI3K/Akt/NF-κB	[51]
Cytokines	TGF-β	αvβ3	PI3K/Akt/NF-κB	[52]
	Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)	β1	PI3K/Akt/IKKα/β/NF-κB	[53]
	Glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)	αvβ3	MEK/ERK/IKKα/β/NF-κB	[54]
	Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)	β1	RANK/MEK/ERK/IKKα/β/NF-κB	[55]
Inflammatory-related molecules	Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)	α2β1	EP1/PLC/PKCα/c-Src	[56]
	Bradykinin (BK)	α2β1	BK receptors/PLC/PKCδ/NF-κB	[57]
	High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1)	α5β1	RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products)/PI3K/Akt/c-Jun/AP-1	[58]