Gut Microbial Flora, Prebiotics, and Probiotics in IBD: Their Current Usage and Utility

Table 1

Dysbiosis and IBD.

Bacteria	CD	UC	References
Escherichia coli	↑	↑	[27, 31, 34]
Pseudomonas	↑		[50]
Salmonella	↑ (relapsed)		[29, 30]
Campylobacter jejuni	↑ (relapsed)		[29, 30]
Clostridium difficile	↑ (relapsed)	↑	[29, 30, 47, 48]
Fusobacterium varium		↑	[32, 33, 37]
Clostridium cluster IX	↓	↓	[37]
Clostridium cluster IV	↓	↓	[37]
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	↓		[31, 37, 40–42]
Bifidobacterium adolescentis	↓		[40]
Dialister invisus	↓		[40]
Ruminococcus gnavus	↑		[40]
Enterobacteriaceae	↑	↑	[27, 31, 34]
Firmicutes	↓	↓	[37, 39, 41, 42]
Bacteroidetes	↓	↓	[37, 39, 41, 42]
Proteobacteria	↑	↑	[37, 39, 41, 42]
Actinobacteria	↑	↑	[37]
Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB)		↓	[43, 44, 46]