Carbon Nanofibers Have IgE Adjuvant Capacity but Are Less Potent Than Nanotubes in Promoting Allergic Airway Responses

Table 2

Distribution of selected particle characteristics and the allergy-promoting capacity for all particles tested (as measured by high levels of OVA-specific IgE and eosinophil airway inflammation). To simplify the identification of particle characteristics of importance for the modulated allergy responses after airway exposure, the levels of each particle property or allergic response are subjectively categorized into three levels, illustrated by roman, bold italic, or bold font.

	Main carbon structure	Fraction of fibers/tubes versus disordered material	Fiber/tube width (nm)	Surface area (m^2/g)	Structural defects (𝑅=𝐼D/𝐼G)	Metallic contaminants	Allergy-promoting capacity
CNF A	Fibers, open channels	Medium	37.01 ± 1.57  [11.25–108.69]	103	1.7	High, mainly Ni	Medium
CNF B	Fibers, periodically closed channels	High	83.14 ± 4.18; [18.90–302.21]	61	0.7	Traces	Medium
CNF C	Fibers, open channels	Low	35.82 ± 2.13  [14.46–185.75]	124	0.9	High, mainly Ni	Medium
CNF D	Fibers, periodically closed channels	Medium	70.57 ± 2.68; [18.52–286.85]	56	0.6	Traces	Medium
swCNT	Tubes, open channels	Medium	4.05 ± 0.23; [1.41–10.91 nm]	543	n.a.	High, mainly Co	High
mwCNT	Tubes, open channels	High	15.04 ± 0.47; [7.62–29.01 nm]	140	n.a.	Less, mainly Ni(Fe)	High
ufCBP	Spherical	Not relevant	Not relevant	321	1.2	Traces	Medium