Role of Redox Signaling in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Figure 4
Schematic representation of the redox signals (ROS production) and their role in the development of neuroinflammation and neuronal death. Many of the well-known inflammatory target proteins, such as MMP-9, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, COX-2, and cPLA2, can be upregulated by various proinflammatory factors, including cytokines, peptides, bacterial or viral infection, peroxidants, via a ROS signal-dependent manner in neuroglial cells. These inflammatory mediators can cause neuroinflammation and neuronal death. IL-1β: interleukin-1β; TNF-: tumor necrosis factor-; BK: bradykinin; ET-1: endothelin-1; Aβ: β-amyloid; oxLDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase-9; cPLA2: cytosolic phospholipase A2; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; ICAM: intercellular adhesion.
