The Anti-Arthritic and Immune-Modulatory Effects of NHAG: A Novel Glucosamine Analogue in Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis

Figure 10

The serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines measured in the arthritic and nonarthritic animals. The arthritic control rats showed a significant increase in the levels TNF-α (*𝑃<0.001) and IL-1β (**𝑃<0.001) compared to the normal control group. The indomethacin- and NHAG-treated arthritic rats showed a significant increase in the levels of TNF-α (^δ𝑃<0.001 and ^‡𝑃<0.001) and IL-1β (^*δ𝑃<0.002 and ^*‡𝑃<0.001) compared to the arthritic control group, respectively. Within the treatment groups, no significant difference was found. The concentration of IL-1β in both the treated groups was comparable to normal control. In contrast the TNF-α concentration in the treated groups was higher compared to normal control; however, it was found statistically non-significant.