Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Context of Other Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

Clinical and paraclinical characteristics of patients according to the presence of CAN.

Variable	CAN−	CAN+	P value
nr (%)	91 (61.1)	58 (38.9)
Male/female, nr (%)	43 (47.2)/48 (52.8)	26 (44.8)/32 (55.2)	0.90
Age (years)	57.6±8.6	59.4±7.9	0.19
Age diabetes dg. (years)	53.3±8.8	44.5±10.1	0.0001
Diabetes duration (years)	4 (0–15)	12.5 (5–37)	0.0001
Duration of diabetes
At onset	17 (18.7)	0 (0)	0.002
<5 years, nr (%)	45 (49.5)	1 (1.9)	0.0001
5–10 years, nr (%)	20 (21.9)	19 (32.7)	0.20
11–15 years, nr (%)	7 (7.7)	19 (32.7)	0.0002
>15 years, nr (%)	1 (1.2)	19 (32.7)	0.0001
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	29.5±5.1	32.9±5.2	0.0001
SBP (mmHg)	140.8±18.1	147.2±19.9	0.04
DBP (mmHg)	81.2±9.2	81.6±10.4	0.79
HT (yes), nr (%)	57 (62.6 %)	42 (82.7)	0.01
SCORE*	4 (0–22)	6.5 (0–22)	0.0002
Exsmokers, nr (%)	4 (4.4)	1 (1.7)	0.66
Current smokers (yes), nr (%)	31 (34.1)	31 (53.5)	0.02
Nonsmokers, nr (%)	56 (61.5)	26 (44.8)	0.0001
<20 cigarettes/day, nr (%)	16 (51.6)	14 (45.2)	0.8
>20 cigarettes/day, nr (%)	15 (48.4)	17 (54.8)	0.8
Cholesterol (mg%)	204.3±49.6	231.4±47.8	0.001
Triglycerides (mg%)*	152.0 (60.0–996.0)	197.0 (95.0–1100.0)	0.001
HbA1c	7.9±1.4	9.1±1.2	0.0001
FPG (mg%)	175.9±69.3	201.4±55.4	0.02
eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m^2)	85.7±17.2	59.7±14.8	0.0001
OAD, nr (%)	35 (38.5)	10 (17.1)	0.009
OAD+INS, nr (%)	16 (17.6)	15 (25.8)	0.32
INSULIN, nr (%)	40 (43.9)	33 (56.9)	0.16
PNP
Clinical, nr (%)	14 (15.4)	49 (84.5)	0.0001
Subclinical, nr (%)	38 (41.7)	5 (8.6)	0.0001
No PNP, nr (%)	39 (42.9)	4 (6.9)	0.0001
Retinopathy
Proliferative, nr (%)	1 (1.1)	9 (15.5)	0.002
Preproliferative, nr (%)	10 (11.0)	33 (56.9)	0.0001
No retinopathy, nr (%)	80 (87.9)	16 (27.6)	0.0001
ABI*	1.02 (0.78–1.14)	0.86 (0.75–1.35)	0.0001
QTC	412.3±27.7	447.4±26.2	0.0001
IMT	0.83±0.17	1.03±0.15	0.0001
Waist-hip female	0.84±0.07	0.9±0.06	0.002
Waist-hip male	0.90±0.06	0.97±0.06	0.005

Data are shown as mean ± SD or as nr (%).
*Median, range.
CAN: cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, HT: hypertension, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, SCORE: systematic coronary risk evaluation, HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, OAD: oral antidiabetics, INS: insulin, PNP: peripheral neuropathy, ABI: ankle-brachial index, IMT: intima-media thickness, and QTC: corrected QT interval.